A Perspective Review on Microbial Fuel Cells in Treatment and Product Recovery from Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Features, Types, and Designs of MFCs
2.1. Types of MFCs
2.1.1. Single-Compartment MFCs
2.1.2. Two-Compartment MFCs
2.1.3. Up-Flow MFCs
2.1.4. Stacked MFCs
2.1.5. Paper MFCs
2.2. Substrate and Microorganisms That Are Used in MFCs
3. Working Principle/Treatability of MFCs and Generation of Energy
4. Application/Performance of MFCs in Wastewater Treatment
4.1. Factors Affecting Performances of MFCs during Wastewater Treatment
4.1.1. Electrode Properties
4.1.2. pH
4.1.3. Temperature
4.1.4. Aeration
5. Different Products’ Recovery from Wastewater Using MFCs
6. Recent Advancements in MFC Technology
7. Challenges and Future Prospects
8. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No. | Inoculum and Substrate | Type of MFC | Electrode Material | Power Density/Current Density/Voltage | Treatment Efficiency | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Swine wastewater manure | Two-chambered | Carbon cloth | 13 mW/m2 | TCOD: 83%, CE: 0.3% | [81] |
2 | Agriculture wastewater (Human feces wastewater) | Two-chambered | -Anode: carbon paper -Cathode: carbon paper with 40% platinum | 70.8 mW/m2 | TCOD: 71.0%, SCOD: 88.0%, NH4+: 44.0% | [82] |
3 | Domestic and olive mill wastewater | Single-chambered air cathode | -Anode: graphite fiber brush. -Cathodes 7 cm2 (total exposed surface area) | 124.6 mW m−2 | TCOD: 65.0% BOD: 50.0%, CE: 29% | [83] |
4 | Dairy wastewater (COD of 1000 mg/L) inoculated by activated sludge from the dairy WWTP | Annular single chambered | -Graphite-coated stainless-steel mesh anode -Cathode: carbon cloth type B | 20.2 W/m3 | COD: 91%, CE: 26.87% | [79] |
5 | Synthetic wastewater | Up-flow constructed wetland (UCW-MFC) | -anode: graphite -cathode: magnesium | 15.1 mW/m2 | COD: 92.1%, NH4+: 93.2%, NO3−: 81.1%, CE: 1.64% | [84] |
6 | Industrial wastewater | Dual chambered anaerobic MFCs | Anode and cathode | 260 mW/m2 | TCOD: 87%, SCOD: 79%, TSS: 72% | [85] |
7 | Acetate | Single-chambered MFC | Substrate as a source of carbon to stimulate electroactive bacteria | 506 mW/m2 | CE (72.3%), butyrate (43.0%), propionate (36.0%), and glucose (15%) | [86] |
8 | Arabitol | Single-chambered MFC | Co substrate in a single chamber | 0.68 mA/cm2 | COD: >91% | [87] |
9 | Cysteine | MFC with carbon paper electrodes (11.25 cm2) dual chamber | Co-substrate | 36 mW/m2 | - | [86] |
10 | Common effluent treatment plant (CETP) wastewater | H-type, dual chamber, mediator-less MFC | graphite plates | 0.6 V | COD: 50% | [88] |
11 | Sodium benzoate (0.721 g/L) | H-type, dual chamber, mediator-less MFC | graphite plates | 0.8 V | COD: 89% | [88] |
S. No. | Material Used | Anode/ Cathode | Advantages | Disadvantages | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Graphite rods | Anode | High conductivity, chemical stability, low cost, and easy to handle | Surface area is difficult to increase | [90] |
2 | Graphite brushes | Anode | Easy to construct and more specific area | Clogging issues | [91] |
3 | Carbon cloth | Anode | Large porosity relatively | Not cost efficient | [92] |
4 | Carbon paper | Anode | Easy to construct wire connection | Brittle | [93] |
5 | Carbon felt | Anode | Enormous surface area | Elevated resistance | [94] |
6 | Reticulated vitreous carbon | Anode | High electrical conductivity | Delicate and large resistance | [48] |
7 | Stainless steel | Anode | High conductivity, cost efficient, and easily accessible | Low surface area, compatibility issues, can get corroded | [95] |
8 | Pt-based catalyst | Cathode | High surface area and low potential for the oxygen reduction reaction | pH sensitivity, sulfide poisoning, and non-sustainability | [96] |
9 | Non-Pt-based catalyst | Cathode | pH control, no sulfide poisoning, and non-sustainability | Compromised electron transfer | [97] |
10 | Carbon Nano tubes | Cathode | High surface area and power density | Voltage losses | [98] |
11 | Palladium | Cathode | Excellent catalytic properties and low cost | Very low oxygen reduction reaction overpotential for catalytic hydrogen production | [99] |
12 | Aerobic biocathode | Cathode | Production of methane, ethanol, and formic acid via microbes and application as a biosensor for BOD detection | Loss of electrons through oxygen | [100] |
13 | Anaerobic biocathode | Cathode | Prevention of loss of electrons via anodic end | Biofilms catalyze the reduction of chemically active species | [54] |
14 | Cathode with metal-free catalyst | Cathode | Cheap materials, catalytic activity, stability | Superior electrocatalytic activity, with lower overpotential and prolonged stability for ORR | [97] |
S. No. | MFC System | Outcome | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Synthetic polymeric tubular MFC having affinity binding group for removal of volatile fatty acids and inorganic compounds | Effective removal (≥98%) of pollutants, up to 95% biodegradation of the toxic compounds | [125] |
2 | CW-MFC system developed for electroactive and textile dye wastewater treatment through microbial community | Bioaugmentation and dynamic removal of pollutants through electroactive bacterial community | [126] |
3 | Screening of fruit waste for MFCs | The energy production rate of orange waste was maximally up to 357 mV voltage output, followed by banana and mango fruit waste | [127] |
4 | Estimated the power generation capacity of sodium citrate-treated MFCs | Significantly improved biocatalytic activity of anode with maximum electrical energy output | [128] |
5 | Study the MFC coupled effect with stacked 12 vertically-arranged constructed wetlands | Reduced COD level, uptake of free N and P, electricity generation | [73] |
6 | Microalgae can be used in MFCs | Efficient for CO2 uptake, effective removal of N and P, symbiotic microalgae–bacterial interactions for power generation | [129] |
7 | Anode–cathode catalysts immersed in biomolecule solutions (monosaccharides, nitrogen and amino acid) | 51% COD, 20 mL methane gas was achieved at 20.5 °C temperature | [10] |
8 | MFC operated through bioelectrochemical nutrient from human urine as a self-power generating system | Endured power and electrical current generation at a rate of 3 A/m for over two months and simultaneously increased concentration of N and K by a factor of 1.5–1.7 | [123] |
9 | Evaluated the effect of ammonia concentration on MFC power generation and efficiency | A high concentration of ammonia in the influent negatively affected the ammonium recovery and poor uptake of phosphorus by MFCs | [72] |
10 | Estimated the treatment efficiency of membrane-less MFCs by simulating core of a shallow un-planted horizontal subsurface flow-constructed wetland system | Effective for domestic wastewater treatment with 25% efficiency | [72] |
11 | Applicability of lingo-cellulosic low-cost material for MFCs | Maximum power generation through the high electro-osmotic force and high pH at the cathode with significant recovery of elements | [130] |
12 | Evaluated the effect of nitrate and sulphate components on MFC microbial component activity | Nitrate does not show any effect on cathode and anode microbial flora. However, the bacterial community of Desulfovibrio showed dominant growth on the cathode (32.9%) after the addition of sulfate | [131] |
13 | Studied the long-term processing of multi-layered MFC for brewery effluent | Maximum removal efficiency for COD up to 94.6 ± 1.0% but system failure due to long-term processing | [132] |
14 | Algae cathode MFCs for landfill leaching at different concentrations of pollutants of 5–40% | Enhanced removal of nitrogen and phosphorus with power generation | [133] |
15 | 200 L modularized MFC system consisting of 96 MFC modules | The cost-effective system generates ∼200 mW power, 75% of the total COD, and 90% of the suspended solids removal | [7] |
16 | Electro-chemicals disruption of pollutants | Non-toxic metabolites | [134] |
17 | Two-chamber MFC for wastewater treatment at a rate of 84 L/hr and COD of 3000 mg/L | COD conversion of 91.9%, electricity generation of 26.4 kWh for the feed of 84 L/hr | [135] |
18 | Constructed wetland reactor and a microbial fuel cell reactor(CW-MFC) for digestion | MFC digestion rate for 98–100 L/hr and 74% electricity generation | [136] |
19 | microbial bioelectrochemical systems (BES) co-culture Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other strain | Highest electrochemical activity | [137] |
20 | MFC system with passive aeration method for waste treatment | Cost-effective approaches for electricity generation by the 80% organic compound removal | [138] |
21 | Comparative study of a single-chamber (MFC-1) and double-chamber (MFC-2) MFC for wastewater treatment | Effective removal of solutes, maintenance of COD level and electricity production | [139] |
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Malik, S.; Kishore, S.; Dhasmana, A.; Kumari, P.; Mitra, T.; Chaudhary, V.; Kumari, R.; Bora, J.; Ranjan, A.; Minkina, T.; et al. A Perspective Review on Microbial Fuel Cells in Treatment and Product Recovery from Wastewater. Water 2023, 15, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020316
Malik S, Kishore S, Dhasmana A, Kumari P, Mitra T, Chaudhary V, Kumari R, Bora J, Ranjan A, Minkina T, et al. A Perspective Review on Microbial Fuel Cells in Treatment and Product Recovery from Wastewater. Water. 2023; 15(2):316. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020316
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalik, Sumira, Shristi Kishore, Archna Dhasmana, Preeti Kumari, Tamoghni Mitra, Vishal Chaudhary, Ritu Kumari, Jutishna Bora, Anuj Ranjan, Tatiana Minkina, and et al. 2023. "A Perspective Review on Microbial Fuel Cells in Treatment and Product Recovery from Wastewater" Water 15, no. 2: 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020316
APA StyleMalik, S., Kishore, S., Dhasmana, A., Kumari, P., Mitra, T., Chaudhary, V., Kumari, R., Bora, J., Ranjan, A., Minkina, T., & Rajput, V. D. (2023). A Perspective Review on Microbial Fuel Cells in Treatment and Product Recovery from Wastewater. Water, 15(2), 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15020316