Water Resources Carrying Capacity Based on the DPSIRM Framework: Empirical Evidence from Shiyan City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Concept of Carrying Capacity
2.2. The Factors Causing Water Resource Overload or Water Shortages
2.3. The Evaluation Method of Water Resources Carrying Capacity
2.4. Research Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Dataset and Source
3.3. Methods
3.3.1. DPSIRM Framework
Criterion Layer | Indicator Layer | Properties | Calculation Methods | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Driving force (D) | XD1 Per capita GDP (yuan) | Positive | From statistical data | [34,35] |
XD2 density of population | Negative | From statistical data | [34,35] | |
XD3 urbanization rate | Negative | From statistical data | [34,35] | |
Pressure (P) | XP1 Wastewater discharge per unit of industrial output value (t/10,000 CNY) | Negative | Amount of industrial wastewater discharge/industrial output value | [35,36] |
XP2 Household water consumption (10,000 m3) | Negative | From statistical data | [36] | |
XP3 Average annual fertilizer application per unit cultivated land (kg/hm2) | Negative | Amount of fertilizer application/cultivated area | [35,36] | |
Status (S) | XS1 Water resources per capita (m3) | Positive | Amount of regional water resource/regional population | [34,35] |
XS2 Water resources per unit area (m3/hm2) | Positive | Amount of regional water resources/regional land area | [34,35] | |
XS3 Annual precipitation (100 million cubic meters) | Positive | From statistical data | [37] | |
Impact (I) | XI1 Proportion of guaranteed harvest area of drought and flood in cultivated land (%) | Positive | Guaranteed harvest area in drought and flood/cultivated area | [38] |
XI2 Water quality in line with Class I~III standard proportion | Positive | From statistical data | [35] | |
XI3 Forest coverage rate (%) | Positive | From statistical data | [38] | |
Response (R) | XR1 Sewage treatment rate (%) | Positive | From statistical data | [35,36] |
XR2 Length of drainage pipe (km) | Positive | From statistical data | [34] | |
Management (M) | XM1 Green coverage rate of built-up areas (%) | Positive | The annual built-up green cover area/green cover area | [34] |
XM2 Investment in wastewater treatment (10,000 CNY) | Positive | From statistical data | [36] |
3.3.2. Index Weight Determination
- (1)
- Data standardization.
- (2)
- Calculate the entropy of the j-th index.
- (3)
- Calculate information on entropy redundancy.
- (4)
- Calculate the weights of each indicator.
3.3.3. Obstacle Degree Model
4. Results
4.1. Change in Comprehensive Score of Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Shiyan City
4.2. Analysis of Water Resources Carrying Capacity Obstacle Degree
4.2.1. Subsystem Obstacle Degree Analysis
4.2.2. Obstacle Degree Analysis of Each Factor
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator | Information Entropy e | Information Utility Value d | Weight Coefficient w |
---|---|---|---|
MMS_D1 | 0.8854 | 0.1146 | 5.90% |
NMMS_D2 | 0.7822 | 0.2178 | 11.20% |
NMMS_D3 | 0.8522 | 0.1478 | 7.60% |
NMMS_P1 | 0.9059 | 0.0941 | 4.84% |
NMMS_P2 | 0.8889 | 0.1111 | 5.71% |
NMMS_P3 | 0.8307 | 0.1693 | 8.71% |
MMS_S1 | 0.9437 | 0.0563 | 2.89% |
MMS_S2 | 0.9456 | 0.0544 | 2.80% |
MMS_S3 | 0.9064 | 0.0936 | 4.81% |
MMS_I1 | 0.8663 | 0.1337 | 6.87% |
MMS_I2 | 0.9387 | 0.0613 | 3.15% |
MMS_I3 | 0.9477 | 0.0523 | 2.69% |
MMS_R1 | 0.9163 | 0.0837 | 4.31% |
MMS_R2 | 0.9007 | 0.0993 | 5.11% |
MMS_M1 | 0.8322 | 0.1678 | 8.63% |
MMS_M2 | 0.7128 | 0.2872 | 14.77% |
Year | M Subsystem U Value | R Subsystem U Value | II Subsystem U Value | S Subsystem U Value | P Subsystem U Value | D Subsystem U Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 0.1149 | 0.3117 (I) | 0.0861 | 0.1056 | 0.2043 (II) | 0.1775 (III) |
2012 | 0.2343 (I) | 0.2329 (II) | 0.0618 | 0.0978 | 0.1975 (III) | 0.1757 |
2013 | 0.2533 (I) | 0.1987 (II) | 0.1028 | 0.0964 | 0.1757 | 0.1731 |
2014 | 0.2639 (I) | 0.1695 (III) | 0.0944 | 0.1264 | 0.1606 | 0.1852 (II) |
2015 | 0.2592 (I) | 0.1713 (III) | 0.0834 | 0.1283 | 0.1621 | 0.1957 (II) |
2016 | 0.2212 (II) | 0.0542 | 0.0727 | 0.2117 (III) | 0.1900 | 0.2502 (I) |
2017 | 0.2361 (II) | 0.1080 | 0.1492 | 0.0000 | 0.2173 (III) | 0.2894 (I) |
2018 | 0.1672 | 0.0679 | 0.1993 (III) | 0.2690 (I) | 0.0890 | 0.2077 (II) |
2019 | 0.1963 (III) | 0.0429 | 0.1997 | 0.2418 (I) | 0.0838 | 0.2356 (II) |
2020 | 0.3081 (I) | 0.0301 | 0.2687 (II) | 0.0390 | 0.1224 | 0.2317 (III) |
2021 | 0.3342 (I) | 0.0000 | 0.2658 (II) | 0.0370 | 0.1942 (III) | 0.1689 |
Year | Category | No. 1 Obstacle | No. 2 Obstacle | No. 3 Obstacle |
---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | obstacle factors | R2 | R1 | P3 |
obstacle degree | 0.1691 | 0.1426 | 0.1169 | |
2012 | obstacle factors | R2 | M2 | P3 |
obstacle degree | 0.1437 | 0.1403 | 0.1301 | |
2013 | obstacle factors | M2 | R2 | P3 |
obstacle degree | 0.1631 | 0.1339 | 0.1212 | |
2014 | obstacle factors | M2 | P3 | D2 |
obstacle degree | 01715 | 0.1127 | 0.1101 | |
2015 | obstacle factors | M2 | R1 | P3 |
obstacle degree | 0.1640 | 0.1237 | 0.1133 | |
2016 | obstacle factors | D2 | P3 | M2 |
obstacle degree | 0.1452 | 0.1233 | 0.1142 | |
2017 | obstacle factors | M2 | D2 | P3 |
obstacle degree | 0.2325 | 0.1679 | 0.1230 | |
2018 | obstacle factors | M2 | I1 | S3 |
obstacle degree | 0.1638 | 0.1454 | 0.1232 | |
2019 | obstacle factors | M2 | I1 | S3 |
obstacle degree | 0.1963 | 0.1623 | 0.1201 | |
2020 | obstacle factors | M2 | I1 | P2 |
obstacle degree | 0.3063 | 0.2490 | 0.1224 | |
2021 | obstacle factors | M2 | I1 | P2 |
obstacle degree | 0.3240 | 0.2658 | 0.1627 |
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Cheng, W.; Zhu, J.; Zeng, X.; You, Y.; Li, X.; Wu, J. Water Resources Carrying Capacity Based on the DPSIRM Framework: Empirical Evidence from Shiyan City, China. Water 2023, 15, 3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173060
Cheng W, Zhu J, Zeng X, You Y, Li X, Wu J. Water Resources Carrying Capacity Based on the DPSIRM Framework: Empirical Evidence from Shiyan City, China. Water. 2023; 15(17):3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173060
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Wenming, Jing Zhu, Xiaochun Zeng, Yuan You, Xuetao Li, and Jun Wu. 2023. "Water Resources Carrying Capacity Based on the DPSIRM Framework: Empirical Evidence from Shiyan City, China" Water 15, no. 17: 3060. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173060