Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Future Cities: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Scope of Study
1.2. Underlying Issues
1.3. Expanding Reuse of Marginal Waters
1.4. Resilient Urban Water Systems
2. Methods
2.1. Question Formulation
2.2. Source Identification
2.3. Source Selection and Evaluation
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Expanding Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
4.2. Drivers of Wastewater Reuse
4.3. Potential Challenges
4.4. Future Strategies and Innovations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Title | Type of Document | Authors and Date | Findings |
---|---|---|---|
The potential for constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in developing countries: a review. | Journal Article | Kivaisi, 2002 [18] | The study describes wastewater treatment as a deliberate step towards a sustainable water supply in the future. The study also discusses other benefits of wastewater treatment, including irrigation and a source of clean energy. |
Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse. | Journal Article | Tchobanoglus et al., 2003 [19] | The study found that wastewater treatment improves water supply while protecting natural sources from potential overconsumption. |
Municipal-treated wastewater reuse for plant nursery irrigation. | Journal Article | Lubello et al., 2004 [20] | Found that wastewater treatment provides alternative sources of water for irrigation and industrial use. |
Developments in wastewater treatment methods. | Journal Article | Sonune and Ghate 2005 [21] | The authors talk about new developments in wastewater treatment methods, including the use of reverse osmosis, decentralization, and innovative technologies. |
The role of membrane processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse. | Journal Article | Wintgens et al., 2005 [22] | Describes how reverse osmosis treats wastewater by removing suspended materials by forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane. |
Membrane bioreactor technology for wastewater treatment and reuse. | Journal Article | Melin et al., 2006 [23] | The authors discuss the use of membrane bioreactor technology in treating wastewater and boosting supply to the cities. |
Wastewater treatment in dairy industries—the possibility of reuse. | Journal Article | Sarkar et al., 2006 [24] | Discusses how dairy farms rely on wastewater treatment to provide sufficient water for the animals throughout the year. |
Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan. | Journal Article | Chiou et al., 2007 [25] | Discusses how municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse are addressing water shortages in Taiwanese cities. |
Photocatalytic TiO2 films and membranes for the development of efficient wastewater treatment and reuse systems. | Journal Article | Choi et al., 2007 [26] | The researchers examined the use of semi-permeable membranes in wastewater treatment, a process known as reverse osmosis. |
Feasibility study on petrochemical wastewater treatment and reuse using submerged MBR. | Journal Article | Qin et al., 2007 [27] | Highlights challenges in treating petrochemical wastewater for industrial and domestic use. |
Wastewater treatment and reuse. In Arab environment: water: sustainable management of a scarce resource. | Journal Article | Choukr-Allah, 2010 [28] | Found that wastewater treatment and reuse are enabling Arab countries and cities to overcome water shortages caused by arid conditions. |
Hybrid-constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in the Canary Islands. | Journal Article | Melián et al., 2010 [29] | Found a unique way of wastewater treatment by using wetlands, such as the case of the Canary Islands. |
Global challenges to wastewater reclamation and reuse. | Journal Article | Bahri and Asano, 2011 [30] | Found that excessive energy consumption, diseases, lack of skills, and budgetary constraints are the main challenges affecting wastewater reclamation and reuse. The authors also described ways in which cities can overcome the mentioned challenges. |
The potential of wastewater reclamation to reduce fresh water stress in Ho Chi Minh City-Vietnam. | Journal Article | Dan et al., 2011 [31] | Found that wastewater reclamation and reuse have been used effectively in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) to improve water supply. |
Fenton and biological-Fenton coupled processes for textile wastewater treatment and reuse. | Journal Article | Blanco et al., 2012 [32] | Found that treating wastewater from the textile industry reduces waste and cost of production and minimizes pressure on natural resources. |
Energy and sustainability of operation of a wastewater treatment plant. | Journal Article | Bodik and Kubaska, 2013 [33] | Describes wastewater treatment and reuse as an effective source of water and energy for both domestic and industrial purposes. |
Review of cost versus scale: water and wastewater treatment and reuse processes. | Journal Article | Guo et al., 2014 [34] | While the authors support the use of wastewater treatment to increase supply for the cities, they raise concerns regarding the high cost of operations and how it prevents many cities from rolling out large-scale wastewater treatment plants. |
Wastewater treatment for reuse in urban agriculture; the case of Moshi Municipality, Tanzania. | Journal Article | Kihila et al., 2014 [35] | Found that wastewater reclamation and reuse are assisting the city of Moshi in Tanzania to increase water supply and generate energy for domestic use. |
Review of wastewater treatment and reuse in the Morocco: Aspects and perspectives. | Journal Article | Salama et al., 2014 [36] | The study found that wastewater treatment and reclamation enable cities located in arid and semi-arid regions to boost supply and provide sufficient water for their populations. |
A mini-review on the impacts of climate change on wastewater reclamation and reuse. | Journal Article | Vo et al., 2014 [37] | A systematic review of data found sufficient evidence in support of wastewater reclamation and reuse as an effective source of water for urban residents. |
Wastewater treatment and reuse: Past, present, and future. | Journal Article | Angelakis and Snyder, 2015 [38] | Examined the past, present, and future prospects of wastewater reclamation and reuse, arguing that the future depends on alternative sources of water other than the natural aquifers. |
Emerging organic contaminant removal in a full-scale hybrid constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment and reuse. | Journal Article | Ávila et al., 2015 [39] | Supports wastewater reclamation and reuse and provides strategies for removing the organic contaminants that can make the treated water not safe for drinking, cooking, or laundry work. |
Dissolved effluent organic matter: characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications. | Journal Article | Michael-Kordatou et al., 2015 [40] | Found that cities can use wastewater reclamation and reuse to increase supply for the current and future populations. Highlights dissolved effluent organic matter as a potential challenge that cities should address. |
A feasibility study of ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis (UF/RO)-based wastewater treatment and reuse in the metal finishing industry. | Journal Article | Petrinic et al., 2015 [41] | The feasibility study found that reverse osmosis is an effective technology for removing suspended solid particles in wastewater. |
Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges. | Journal Article | Lyu et al., 2016 [42] | Found that China is one of the leading countries in the implementation of wastewater reclamation and reuse to increase water supply for the urban population. |
Bioaugmentation: an emerging strategy of industrial wastewater treatment for reuse and discharge. | Journal Article | Nzila et al., 2016 [43] | Found that bioaugmentation is one of the most effective strategies for improving wastewater reclamation and reuse. |
Evaluation of the energy efficiency of a large wastewater treatment plant in Italy. | Journal Article | Panepinto et al., 2016 [44] | Found energy efficiency remains a major challenge for large-scale implementation of wastewater reclamation and reuse, although the problem can be addressed using a combination of innovative technologies and alternative sources of energy. |
Characteristics of water quality of municipal wastewater treatment plants in China: implications for resources utilization and management. | Journal Article | Sun et al., 2016 [45] | Found that cities can use wastewater reclamation and reuse to avoid potential crises in water supply while minimizing pressure on the natural sources. |
Wastewater treatment and reuse-The future source of water supply. | Journal Article | Ding, 2017 [46] | The study found that wastewater reuse and reclamation offer effective solutions to the future supply of water in major cities around the world. |
Wastewater treatment and reuse, theory and design examples, volume 1: Principles and basic treatment. | Journal Article | Qasim and Zhu, 2017 [47] | The study found that wastewater reuse and reclamation is a sustainable approach to increasing water supply, conserving the environment, and improving agricultural production. |
Wastewater treatment and reuse in the food industry. | Book | Barbera and Gurnari, 2018 [48] | The authors found that wastewater reclamation and reuse provide a sustainable supply of water and nutrients needed for large-scale food production. |
Recent advances in energy recovery from wastewater sludge. Direct thermochemical liquefaction for energy applications. | Journal Article | Nazari et al., 2018 [49] | The researchers argue that recent advancements in sludge management may assist cities in overcoming difficulties in managing sludge and providing sufficient water to their residents. |
Circular economy in wastewater treatment plant–challenges and barriers. | Journal Article | Neczaj and Grosser, 2018 [50] | Found that wastewater treatment and reuse contribute to the circular economy by reducing waste, protecting natural resources, and increasing biodiversity. |
Wastewater treatment and water reuse. | Journal Article | Salgot and Folch, 2018 [51] | The researchers found that wastewater treatment and reuse provide alternative sources of water and reduce dependence on natural sources. |
Wastewater treatment and water reuse in Spain. Current situation and perspectives. | Journal Article | Jodar-Abellan et al., 2019 [52] | Describes how countries such as Spain have been relying on wastewater reclamation and reuse to increase water supply and lessons that can be drawn from their best practices. |
Wastewater reclamation and reuse trends in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. | Journal Article | Maryam and Büyükgüngör, 2019 [53] | Found that Turkey is another country where wastewater reclamation and reuse provide alternative sources of water, preventing shortages and supporting agricultural production. |
Reuse of domestic wastewater by membrane technologies towards sustainable city development. | Journal Article | Raharjo et al., 2019 [54] | Argues that domestic wastewater reclamation and reuse is still underutilized despite its effectiveness in reducing wasteful consumption in the cities. |
Wastewater reclamation holds a key for water sustainability in future urban development of Phoenix Metropolitan Area. | Journal Article | Wang et al., 2019 [55] | The researchers found that wastewater reclamation and reuse provide alternative sources of water to those who live in the city of Phoenix and its Metropolitan area. |
Water reuse in India: Current perspective and future potential in advances in chemical pollution, environmental management, and protection. | Journal Article | Kumar and Goyal, 2020 [56] | The researchers draw several lessons from the Indian wastewater reuse, including the use of technology to expand the treatment plants without the need for additional real estate. |
Governance arrangements for the scaling up of small-scale wastewater treatment and reuse systems–lessons from India. | Journal Article | Reymond et al., 2020 [57] | Uses a case of India to explain how effective governance can improve wastewater collection, treatment, and discharge back into circulation and reasonable costs to the taxpayers. |
Wastewater treatment and resource recovery technologies in the brewery industry: Current trends and emerging practices. | Journal Article | Ashraf et al., 2021 [58] | Found that wastewater treatment can help in reducing overconsumption in industries such as alcohol brewery that uses a significant amount of water to produce the final products. |
Optimization of an electrocoagulation-flotation system for domestic wastewater treatment and reuse. | Journal Article | Bracher et al., 2021 [59] | Explored potential technologies, including electrocoagulation-flotation systems, that can be used in domestic wastewater treatment and reuse. |
Wastewater reclamation and reuse potentials in agriculture: towards environmental sustainability. | Journal Article | Fito and Van Hulle, 2021 [60] | Found that wastewater treatment and reclamation can provide the water needed for agriculture and industrial purposes, reducing intense competition for water among different sectors. |
Wastewater treatment and reuse situations and influential factors in major Asian countries. | Journal Article | Liao et al., 2021 [61] | The study found that wastewater reclamation and reuse are influenced by several situations, including climate emergencies, fast-growing urban populations, and the expansion of desert conditions into areas that were once considered wetlands. |
Membrane distillation bioreactor (MDBR) for wastewater treatment, water reuse, and resource recovery: A review. | Journal Article | Kharraz et al., 2022 [62] | The researchers examined the use of the membrane distillation bioreactor (MDBR) to improve wastewater treatment and provide more water for both domestic consumption and agricultural purposes. Membrane distillation bioreactor (MDBR) is a form of reverse osmosis and can be used even domestically to treat wastewater. |
Wastewater treatment and sludge management strategies for environmental sustainability. | Journal Article | Sharma et al., 2022 [63] | The researchers found the use of technology and innovation as effective strategies that can help municipalities improve both sludge management and wastewater treatment for environmental sustainability. |
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Silva, J.A. Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Future Cities: A Systematic Literature Review. Water 2023, 15, 3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173064
Silva JA. Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Future Cities: A Systematic Literature Review. Water. 2023; 15(17):3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173064
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Jorge Alejandro. 2023. "Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Future Cities: A Systematic Literature Review" Water 15, no. 17: 3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173064