Pollution Biomarkers in the Framework of Marine Biodiversity Conservation: State of Art and Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pollution Biomarkers
3. Pollution Biomarkers in Biomonitoring of Marine Protected Areas
4. Biomarker Analysis in Endangered Species
5. Perspectives for Future Research in the Biomarker Development in the Framework of Biodiversity Conservation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protected Areas | Bioindicator Species | Bioindicator Class | Endpoint | Biomarkers Analyzed | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | |||||
Egadi Islands Marine Protected Area (Italy) | Coris julis, Patella caerulea, Paracentrotus lividus | Osteichthyes Gastropoda Echinoidea | Detoxification of organic pollutants | EthoxyresorufinO-deethylase, BaPMO, NADH ferry red, and NADH cyt c | [50] |
Tremiti Islands Marine Protected Area (Italy) | Paracentrotus lividus | Echinoidea | Coelomocytes alterations | Coelomocytes subpopulations ratio, heat-shock protein 70 | [51] |
National Park of La Maddalena Arcipelago (Italy) | Mytilus galloprovincialis | Bivalvia | Lysosomal alterations | Lysosomal membrane stability, lipofuscin content, neutral lipid contents, lysosomal structural changes | [52] |
Capo Peloro Natural Reserve (Italy) | Atherina boyeri | Osteichthyes | Detoxification of organic pollutants, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity | Acetylcholinesterase, benzo(a)pyrene-monooxygenase, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites in bile, erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities assay | [53] |
The Pelagos Sanctuary (International Sanctuary for the Protection of Mediterranean Marine Mammals) (Italy, France) | Meganyctiphanes norvegica | Malacostraca | Detoxification of organic pollutants, neurotoxicity, response to xenoestrogens | Cytochrome P450, BaPMO activity, NADPH cytochromec reductase, NADH-ferricyanide reductase, esterases, porphyrins, vitellogenin, zona radiata proteins, acetylcholinesterase | [54] |
Stenella coeruleoalba | Mammalia | Detoxification of organic pollutants, oxidative stress | Cytochrome P4501A, cytochrome P4502B, catalase | [55] | |
Balaenoptera physalus | Mammalia | Detoxification of organic chemical pollutants, oxidative stress | Cytochrome P4501A, cytochrome P4502B, lipoperoxidation | [56] | |
Balaenoptera physalus, Physeter macrocephalus | Mammalia | Metal excretion | Metals in the fecal material | [57] | |
North America | |||||
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (U.S.A.) | Montastraea annularis |
Anthozoa | Oxidative stress, stress protein multidrug resistance induction | Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, heat-shock proteins, metabolic condition, multixenobiotic resistance proteins | [58] |
Veracruz Coral Reef System National Park (Mexico) | Haemulon Aurolineatum, Ocyurus chrysurus | Osteichthyes | Detoxification of organic chemical pollutants, response to xenoestrogens | Cytochrome P4501A, vitellogenin, glutathione-S-transferase, PAH metabolites in fish bile | [59] |
Natural protected area of Laguna Madre in the Gulf of Mexico (Mexico) | Chione elevata | Bivalvia | Neurotoxic effects, oxidative stress, metabolic alterations | Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione s-transferase, oxygen radical absorbance capacity | [60] |
South America | |||||
Morrocoy National Park (Venezuela) | Siderastrea sidereal | Anthozoa | Detoxification of organic chemical pollutants, oxidative stress | Cytochrome P450 I, cytochrome P450 II, NADPH reductase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase | [61] |
Parque Nacional Archipielago Los Roques (Venezuela) | Siderastrea sidereal | Anthozoa | Detoxification of organic chemical pollutants, oxidative stress | Cytochrome P450 I, cytochrome P450 II, NADPH reductase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase | [61] |
Fernando de Noronha Archipelago protected area (Brazil) | Amphistegina lessonii | Foraminifera | Oxidative stress, metal detoxification | Antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, metallothionein-like proteins | [62] |
Paranaguá Bay protected areas (Brazil) | Atherinella brasiliensis | Osteichthyes | Neurotoxicity, detoxification of organic chemical pollutants, oxidative stress | Cholinesterase, ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase | [63] |
Cananéia–Iguape–Peruíbe Environmental Protected Area (Brazil) | Cathorops spixii | Osteichthyes | Detoxification of organic pollutants, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, metal detoxification | Glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, GSH levels, lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breaks, metallothonein | [64] |
Cathorops spixii | Osteichthyes | Genotoxicity | Comet assay, micronucleus test (MN), and nuclear abnormalities test (NA) in peripheral blood | [65] | |
Natural Protected Area San Antonio Bay (Argentina) | Neohelice granulata | Malacostraca | Detoxification of organic pollutants, oxidative stress, metal detoxification | Catalase, lipid radical content, lipid peroxidation, α-tocopherol, catalase, glutathione-S-transferases, metallothioneins | [66] |
Cananéia–Iguape–Peruíbe Protected Area (Brazil) | Callinectes danae | Malacostraca | Genotoxicity, detoxification of organic pollutants, oxidative stress, metal detoxification, neurotoxicity | Glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, intracellular glutathione, acetylcholinesterase, lipid peroxidation, metallothionein, DNA strand breaks | [67] |
Estuarine Lagoon Complex of Iguape–Cananéia (Brazil) | Gobioides broussonnetii | Osteichthyes | Oxidative stress, genotoxicity, metal detoxification, histopathological alterations | Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione, metallothionein, lipoperoxidation, micronuclei, histological alterations | [68] |
Australia | |||||
Great Barrier Reef (Australia) | Plectropomus leopardus | Osteichthyes | Detoxification of organic chemical pollutants, neurotoxicity | EROD, cholinesterase | [69] |
Acropora millepora | Anthozoa | Oxidative stress | Genetic loci involved in environmental stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity | [70] |
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Lionetto, M.G.; Caricato, R.; Giordano, M.E. Pollution Biomarkers in the Framework of Marine Biodiversity Conservation: State of Art and Perspectives. Water 2021, 13, 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131847
Lionetto MG, Caricato R, Giordano ME. Pollution Biomarkers in the Framework of Marine Biodiversity Conservation: State of Art and Perspectives. Water. 2021; 13(13):1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131847
Chicago/Turabian StyleLionetto, Maria Giulia, Roberto Caricato, and Maria Elena Giordano. 2021. "Pollution Biomarkers in the Framework of Marine Biodiversity Conservation: State of Art and Perspectives" Water 13, no. 13: 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131847