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Review

Submerged Speleothems and Sea Level Reconstructions: A Global Overview and New Results from the Mediterranean Sea

by
Fabrizio Antonioli
1,*,
Stefano Furlani
2,
Paolo Montagna
3,
Paolo Stocchi
4,5,
Lucio Calcagnile
6,7,
Gianluca Quarta
6,7,
Jonathan Cecchinel
8,
Valeria Lo Presti
9,
Maurizio Gasparo Morticelli
10,
Franco Foresta Martin
11,12,
Edwige Pons-Branchu
13 and
Valeria Vaccher
2
1
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), via di Vigna Murata, 00144 Rome, Italy
2
Department of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, via Weiss 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
3
Istituto di Scienze Polari (ISP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy
4
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Landsdiep 4, 16797 SZ Horntje (Texel), The Netherlands
5
I4CCS Institute for Climate Change Solutions, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
6
CEDAD (Centre for Applied Physics, Dating and Diagnostics), Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio de Giorgi”, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
7
INFN (Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics), 73100 Lecce, Italy
8
Ustica Diving Center, Piazza Umberto I, 90051 Ustica, Italy
9
Studio Tecnico, via Montepellegrino 163, 90142 Palermo, Italy
10
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
11
Laboratorio Museo di Scienze della Terra Isola di Ustica, Rocca della Falconiera, 90051 Ustica, Italy
12
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Palermo, via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
13
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement LSCE/IPSL, CEACNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198 Île-de-France, France
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2021, 13(12), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121663
Submission received: 1 May 2021 / Revised: 31 May 2021 / Accepted: 8 June 2021 / Published: 14 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relative Sea Level Change and Coastal Vulnerability)
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Abstract

This study presents a global overview of the submerged speleothems used to reconstruct paleo sea levels and reports new results from two stalactites collected in the Mediterranean Sea. Coastal cave deposits significantly contributed to the understanding of global and regional sea-level variations during the Middle and Late Quaternary. The studied speleothems cover the last 1.4 Myr and focused mainly on Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1, 2, 3, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 and 7.5. The results indicate that submerged speleothems represent extraordinary archives that can provide detailed information on former sea-level changes. The two stalactites collected in the central Mediterranean Sea, at Favignana and Ustica islands (Sicily, Italy), are both characterized by continental, phreatic or marine layers. The U-Th and 14C ages of the new speleothems provide results of great interest for relative sea-level changes over the last 1000 years.
Keywords: submerged speleothem; phreatic speleothem; sea-level change; sea caves; vertical tectonic movements; Ustica; Favignana submerged speleothem; phreatic speleothem; sea-level change; sea caves; vertical tectonic movements; Ustica; Favignana

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MDPI and ACS Style

Antonioli, F.; Furlani, S.; Montagna, P.; Stocchi, P.; Calcagnile, L.; Quarta, G.; Cecchinel, J.; Lo Presti, V.; Morticelli, M.G.; Foresta Martin, F.; et al. Submerged Speleothems and Sea Level Reconstructions: A Global Overview and New Results from the Mediterranean Sea. Water 2021, 13, 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121663

AMA Style

Antonioli F, Furlani S, Montagna P, Stocchi P, Calcagnile L, Quarta G, Cecchinel J, Lo Presti V, Morticelli MG, Foresta Martin F, et al. Submerged Speleothems and Sea Level Reconstructions: A Global Overview and New Results from the Mediterranean Sea. Water. 2021; 13(12):1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121663

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonioli, Fabrizio, Stefano Furlani, Paolo Montagna, Paolo Stocchi, Lucio Calcagnile, Gianluca Quarta, Jonathan Cecchinel, Valeria Lo Presti, Maurizio Gasparo Morticelli, Franco Foresta Martin, and et al. 2021. "Submerged Speleothems and Sea Level Reconstructions: A Global Overview and New Results from the Mediterranean Sea" Water 13, no. 12: 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121663

APA Style

Antonioli, F., Furlani, S., Montagna, P., Stocchi, P., Calcagnile, L., Quarta, G., Cecchinel, J., Lo Presti, V., Morticelli, M. G., Foresta Martin, F., Pons-Branchu, E., & Vaccher, V. (2021). Submerged Speleothems and Sea Level Reconstructions: A Global Overview and New Results from the Mediterranean Sea. Water, 13(12), 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121663

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