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10.3390/w12082142
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Article

Combining Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Modeling to Assess Surface Water Quality in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt

by
Mohamed Gad
1,
Salah Elsayed
2,
Farahat S. Moghanm
3,
Mohammed H. Almarshadi
4,
Abdullah S. Alshammari
5,
Khaled M. Khedher
6,7,
Ebrahem M. Eid
8,9,* and
Hend Hussein
10
1
Hydrogeology, Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Minufiya 32897, Egypt
2
Agricultural Engineering, Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Minufiya 32897, Egypt
3
Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
4
Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Meteorology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
5
Biology Department, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia
8
Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia
9
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
10
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2020, 12(8), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082142
Submission received: 14 June 2020 / Revised: 25 July 2020 / Accepted: 26 July 2020 / Published: 29 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
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Abstract

Assessing surface water quality for drinking use in developing countries is important since water quality is a fundamental aspect of surface water management. This study aims to improve surface water quality assessments and their controlling mechanisms using the drinking water quality index (DWQI) and four pollution indices (PIs), which are supported by multivariate statistical analyses, such as principal component analysis, partial least squares regression (PLSR), and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR). Twenty-two physicochemical parameters were analyzed using standard analytical methods for 55 surface water sites in the northern Nile Delta, Egypt. The DWQI results indicated that 33% of the tested samples represented good water, and 67% of samples indicated poor to unsuitable water for drinking use. The PI results revealed that surface water samples were strongly affected by Pb and Mn and were slightly affected by Fe and Cr. The SMLR models of the DWQI and PIs, which were based on all major ions and heavy metals, provided the best estimations with R2 = 1 for the DWQI and PIs. In conclusion, integration between the DWQI and PIs is a valuable and applicable approach for the assessment of surface water quality, and the PLSR and SMLR models can be used through applications of chemometric techniques to evaluate the DWQI and PIs.
Keywords: Nile Delta; PLSR model; pollution indices; SMLR model; surface water; water quality Nile Delta; PLSR model; pollution indices; SMLR model; surface water; water quality

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gad, M.; Elsayed, S.; Moghanm, F.S.; Almarshadi, M.H.; Alshammari, A.S.; Khedher, K.M.; Eid, E.M.; Hussein, H. Combining Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Modeling to Assess Surface Water Quality in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt. Water 2020, 12, 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082142

AMA Style

Gad M, Elsayed S, Moghanm FS, Almarshadi MH, Alshammari AS, Khedher KM, Eid EM, Hussein H. Combining Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Modeling to Assess Surface Water Quality in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt. Water. 2020; 12(8):2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082142

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gad, Mohamed, Salah Elsayed, Farahat S. Moghanm, Mohammed H. Almarshadi, Abdullah S. Alshammari, Khaled M. Khedher, Ebrahem M. Eid, and Hend Hussein. 2020. "Combining Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Modeling to Assess Surface Water Quality in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt" Water 12, no. 8: 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082142

APA Style

Gad, M., Elsayed, S., Moghanm, F. S., Almarshadi, M. H., Alshammari, A. S., Khedher, K. M., Eid, E. M., & Hussein, H. (2020). Combining Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Modeling to Assess Surface Water Quality in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt. Water, 12(8), 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082142

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