Impacts of Filled Check Dams with Different Deployment Strategies on the Flood and Sediment Transport Processes in a Loess Plateau Catchment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Data Sources
2.2. The Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM)
2.3. Modelling Scenario
2.4. Model Settings and Parameters
2.4.1. Finite-Element Mesh
2.4.2. Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions
2.4.3. Model Parameters
2.4.4. Model Calibration and Validation
2.4.5. Evaluation Criteria
3. Results
3.1. Variation Characteristics of Flood Processes under Different Deployment Strategies
3.2. Variation Characteristics of Sediment Transport Processes under Different Deployment Strategies
3.3. Erosion/Deposition Distribution in the Catchment under Different Deployment Strategies
- Increasing the number of check dams, especially large check dams, can significantly promote sediment deposition in the channel (e.g., Figure 7a–c,e,g). More check dams mean more elevated sedimentary lands with low channel gradients, creating a larger buffer zone for flood attenuation.
- The location and size of check dams do matter in sediment deposition. A large check dam on the main channel will create a larger deposition area than a small check dam (e.g., comparison of scenario-4 and scenario-5 in Figure 7e,f).
- Deployment strategies that can connect the sedimentary lands formed by different check dams lead to a better performance in flood attenuation and sediment reduction. For example, the performances of scenarios 6, 4, and 2 in the reduction of flood peak, sediment yield and eroded sediment were generally better than the performances of scenarios 3, 5, 7.
4. Discussion
4.1. Potential Benefits of Filled Check Dams in Flood and Erosion Control
4.2. Implications of Future Check Dam Deployment
4.3. Limitations and Future Work
5. Conclusions
- The number of large check dams on the main channel appears to be the most important factor influencing the flood and sediment transport processes.
- Connecting the sedimentary lands of large check dams via proper site selection is helpful for flood attenuation and sediment reduction.
- The area of sedimentary lands dominates the reduction rates of water/sediment peak discharge, while the size combination and site location can make a difference in the reduction of flood volume, sediment yield, and the total eroded sediment.
- Targeted treatment to heavily eroded gullies (e.g., scenario-5) will improve the sediment-reduction performance of the system, which requires a sediment-contribution analysis of each gullies via modelling practices or field observation to aid the site selection.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. The Integrated Hydrologic Model (InHM)
Appendix A.1. Hydrologic-Response Module
Appendix A.2. Sediment-Transport Module
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Data Type | Year | Resoloution | Data Source | Used in This Study |
---|---|---|---|---|
Topography data | 1975 | 20 m | The State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping | Finite-element mesh generation |
Soil data | 1960–1962 | Plot scale | Data Sharing Infrastructure of Loess Plateau [29] | Model parameterization |
Flood events | 1959–1969 | 5 min to 1 h | Data Sharing Infrastructure of Loess Plateau [29] | Model calibration |
Precipitation | 1959–1969 | 5 min to 1 h | Data Sharing Infrastructure of Loess Plateau [29] | Model calibration |
Land use types | 1975, 1986, 2006 | 30 m | Data Sharing Infrastructure of Loess Plateau [30] | Model parameterization |
Check dam information | 1978, 1993, 2001 | Check dam survey of Chabagou watershed | Model parameterization |
Scenario Number | Number of Filled Check Dams | Size Combination | Total Area of Sedimentary Lands (×104 m2) | Main Feature of the Scenario |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | (0,0) | 0 | No check dam in the catchment |
1 | 1 | (1,0) | 4.69 | One large check dam downstream |
2 | 2 | (2,0) | 11.21 | Two large check dams connected |
3 | 2 | (1,1) | 5.93 | Two check dams with different sizes |
4 | 3 | (2,1) | 12.45 | Three check dams with different sizes |
5 | 4 | (1,3) | 9.00 | One large check dam on main the channel and targeted treatment to erosion-prone gully |
6 | 4 | (2,2) | 14.18 | Two large check dams on main the channel and targeted treatment to erosion-prone gullies |
7 | 4 | (2,2) | 8.92 | Current deployment strategy |
Soil Types | Ksat a (m s−1) | Porosity (-) | α b (m−1) | n c (-) | Sr d (-) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SJG-soil (0–0.5 m) | 2.90 × 10−6 | 0.42 | 1.38 | 1.74 | 0.08 |
SJG-soil (below 0.5 m) | 2.70 × 10−6 | 0.40 | 1.35 | 1.83 | 0.11 |
Check dam | 4.00 × 10−10 | 0.35 | 1.52 | 1.29 | 0.04 |
Sedimentary land | 4.00 × 10−6 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 1.19 | 0.13 |
Bedrock | 1.00 × 10−9 | 0.20 | 4.30 | 1.25 | 0.08 |
Parameter source | Calibration | The Zizhou Experimental Station |
Surface Zone a | Hydrologic Response | Sediment Transport | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n a (s m−1/3) | ψimb (m) | Ssr c (-) | Ht d (m) | cd e (m−1) | b f (-) | ξ g (-) | cf h (s m−1)0.6 | φ i (m−1) | |
Hillslope | 0.010 | 0.0015 | 0.01 | 0.0015 | 600 | 1.6 | 0.25 | 50.00 | 0.005 |
Gully and Channel | 0.008 | 50.00 | 0.005 | ||||||
Sedimentary Land | 0.008 | 0.05 | 0.001 | ||||||
Check Dam | 0.004 | 5.00 | 0.001 | ||||||
Parameter Source | Calibration | Literature | Calibration |
Scenario | Qp (m3 s−1) | Reduction of Qp (%) | Tp (s) | Qv (m3) | Reduction of Qv (%) | Runoff Coefficient (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario-0 | 34.85 | - | 7300 | 58,984.10 | - | 15.38 |
Scenario-1 | 24.21 | 30.53 | 7512 | 56,768.51 | 3.76 | 14.81 |
Scenario-2 | 8.06 | 76.87 | 11,300 | 52,481.28 | 11.02 | 13.69 |
Scenario-3 | 18.04 | 48.24 | 7548 | 55,854.77 | 5.31 | 14.57 |
Scenario-4 | 4.04 | 88.41 | 13,300 | 50,505.12 | 14.38 | 13.17 |
Scenario-5 | 10.76 | 69.12 | 7520 | 53,163.99 | 9.87 | 13.87 |
Scenario-6 | 2.32 | 93.34 | 15,800 | 38,871.10 | 34.10 | 10.14 |
Scenario-7 | 9.95 | 71.45 | 8950 | 47,187.28 | 20.00 | 12.31 |
Scenario | Qs,p (kg s−1) | Reduction of Qs,p (%) | SY (×104 t) | Reduction of SY (%) | ES (×104 t) | Reduction of ES (%) | SDR (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario-0 | 21,932.03 | - | 3.82 | - | 4.08 | - | 93.56 |
Scenario-1 | 16,508.84 | 24.73 | 3.66 | 4.14 | 3.99 | 2.18 | 91.78 |
Scenario-2 | 4232.80 | 80.70 | 3.53 | 7.55 | 3.71 | 8.98 | 95.12 |
Scenario-3 | 11,432.89 | 47.87 | 3.55 | 6.96 | 3.97 | 2.60 | 89.45 |
Scenario-4 | 2103.80 | 90.41 | 2.47 | 35.23 | 3.56 | 12.78 | 69.54 |
Scenario-5 | 7144.15 | 67.43 | 3.21 | 16.03 | 3.90 | 4.48 | 82.32 |
Scenario-6 | 1184.30 | 94.60 | 1.83 | 52.09 | 3.43 | 15.98 | 53.41 |
Scenario-7 | 8986.66 | 59.02 | 3.44 | 9.90 | 3.61 | 11.38 | 95.21 |
Scenario Number a | Performance Ranking | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) b | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) b | |
Reduction of Qp | 6 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
Reduction of Qv | 6 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
Reduction of Qs,p | 6 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 1 |
Reduction of SY | 6 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Reduction of ES | 6 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
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Tang, H.; Pan, H.; Ran, Q. Impacts of Filled Check Dams with Different Deployment Strategies on the Flood and Sediment Transport Processes in a Loess Plateau Catchment. Water 2020, 12, 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051319
Tang H, Pan H, Ran Q. Impacts of Filled Check Dams with Different Deployment Strategies on the Flood and Sediment Transport Processes in a Loess Plateau Catchment. Water. 2020; 12(5):1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051319
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Honglei, Hailong Pan, and Qihua Ran. 2020. "Impacts of Filled Check Dams with Different Deployment Strategies on the Flood and Sediment Transport Processes in a Loess Plateau Catchment" Water 12, no. 5: 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051319