Spatiotemporal Variation in Relative Humidity in Guangdong, China, from 1959 to 2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Source and Analysis
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Data Processing Method
2.3.1. Rotate Empirical Orthogonal Function (REOF) Decomposition
2.3.2. The Linear Trend Estimation
2.3.3. The Mann–Kendall Trend Test
Inspection Statistics
Detection of Mann–Kendall Mutation
2.3.4. Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT)
2.3.5. Kriging Interpolation
3. Results
3.1. REOF Zoning
3.2. Annual Mean RH and Variation Trend in Each Subarea
3.3. Monthly Mean RH and Variation Trend in Each Subarea
3.4. Mutation Analysis
3.5. Continuous Wavelet Transform Analysis
3.6. Spatial Difference of Annual Mean RH and Variation Trend in Whole Province
4. Discussion
4.1. Large Annual Mean RH in Guangdong
4.2. The Application of Mann–Kendall Trend Test Method
4.3. Concentrated Mutation of RH in the Early 1990s
4.4. Rapid Decline of RH in the Pearl River Delta
4.5. Limitation and Future Research
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Based on the REOF decomposition situation of monthly RH field during 1959–2017, Guangdong Province was divided into 6 subareas: eastern inland subarea, eastern coastal subarea, western inland subarea, western coastal subarea, northern inland, and Pearl River Delta subarea. Overall, mean annual RH decreased at the rate of −0.678%/10a in the whole province. Spatially, annual mean RH declined quicker in the Pearl River Delta and eastern coastal subarea. The mean RH during the whole period of 1959–2017 in the whole province was 78.90%. Spatially, the mean RH decreased from southwest to northeast.
- (2)
- According to the Mann–Kendall test of annual mean RH, when variation trends in the subareas passed 95% confidence test, the periods appeared during 2000–2017 and they all were in decline trends. Moreover, mutation points mostly appeared in the 1990s, especially in the early 1990s.
- (3)
- Continuous wavelet transform of annual mean RH showed that the significant oscillation periods of 2–3 years in the 1970s and 2008–2015 in eastern inland, western inland, and northern inland subareas, while they were around 2010 in eastern coastal subarea and Pearl River Delta subarea.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variance contribution (%) | 22.8 | 20.7 | 16.4 | 15.1 | 13.6 | 6.5 |
Cumulative variance contribution (%) | 22.8 | 43.5 | 59.9 | 75.1 | 88.7 | 95.2 |
Subarea | Eastern Inland Subarea | Eastern Coastal Subarea | Western Inland Subarea | Western Coastal Subarea | Northern Inland Subarea | Pearl River Delta Subarea | The Whole Province |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual mean (%) | 77.58 | 78.81 | 80.28 | 81.37 | 77.51 | 77.85 | 78.90 |
Linear trend (%/10a) | −0.452 | −0.868 | −0.469 | −0.207 | −0.350 | −1.349 | −0.678 |
M-K statistics | −2.91 | −4.57 | −3.13 | −1.92 | −2.71 | −6.73 | −4.42 |
Subarea | Eastern Inland Subarea | Eastern Coastal Subarea | Western Inland Subarea | Western Coastal Subarea | Northern Inland Subarea | Pearl River Delta Subarea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mutation time (year) | 1999 | 1994 | 1991 | 1986 | 1992 | 1990 |
Significant period | 2010–2016 | 2011–2015 | 2007–2016 | 2004–2015 | 2013–2014 | 2000–2017 |
Variation trend | decline | decline | decline | decline | decline | decline |
Subarea | Significant Cycles (a) | Corresponding Periods | Subarea | Significant Cycles (a) | Corresponding Periods |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern inland subarea | 2∼3.5 | 1969–1979 | Eastern coastal subarea | 2.1∼2.3 | 2008–2011 |
2.3∼4.5 | 1992–2001 | ||||
2∼3.7 | 2007–2013 | ||||
Western inland subarea | 2.1∼3.5 | 1969–1980 | Western coastal subarea | 2∼4 | 1964–2015 |
3.5∼4.5 | 1997–2004 | 4∼5.1 | 1996–2007 | ||
2∼4 | 2008–2015 | ||||
Northern inland subarea | 2.1∼3.3 | 1968–1979 | Pearl River Delta subarea | 2∼3 | 2009–2014 |
2.3∼2.7 | 1985–1990 | ||||
2.7∼4.5 | 1992–2008 | ||||
2∼3.5 | 2008–2015 |
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Liu, Z.; Yang, H.; Wei, X. Spatiotemporal Variation in Relative Humidity in Guangdong, China, from 1959 to 2017. Water 2020, 12, 3576. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123576
Liu Z, Yang H, Wei X. Spatiotemporal Variation in Relative Humidity in Guangdong, China, from 1959 to 2017. Water. 2020; 12(12):3576. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123576
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zhanming, Hong Yang, and Xinghu Wei. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Variation in Relative Humidity in Guangdong, China, from 1959 to 2017" Water 12, no. 12: 3576. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123576