Natural vs. Anthropic Influence on the Multidecadal Shoreline Changes of Mediterranean Urban Beaches: Lessons from the Gulf of Cagliari (Sardinia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
2.1. Geological Settings
2.2. Anthropic Pressures and Impacts
2.3. Geographical Settings, Wave Climate and Hydrodynamics
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Dataset
3.2. Uncertainty Estimation
3.3. DSAS Computations
4. Results
4.1. Shoreline Analysis of the Poetto Beach before Beach Nourishment (1954–1998)
4.2. Shoreline Analysis of the Poetto Beach after Beach Nourishment (2003–2016)
4.3. Shoreline Analysis of the Giorgino Beach (1954–2016)
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Image Year | σr | σd | σp | σwr | σtd | σT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1954 | 1.03 | 1.55 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 2.13 |
1968 | 1.20 | 1.35 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 2.08 |
1977 | 0.22 | 1.43 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 1.78 |
1998 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 1.73 |
2003 | 0.17 | 1.57 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 1.89 |
2006 | 0.46 | 2.43 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 2.68 |
2010 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 1.54 |
2013 | 0.84 | 1.79 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 2.23 |
2016 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 1.20 |
Poetto Pre-Nourishment (1954–1998) | ||||||||||||
SCE (m) | NSM (m) | EPR (m/y) | LRR (m/y) | |||||||||
Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | |
P1 | 9.98 | 3.68 | 20.25 | −7.63 | −20.25 | −1.65 | −0.17 | −0.46 | −0.04 | −0.19 | −0.45 | −0.07 |
P2 | 10.56 | 3.71 | 16.27 | 3.21 | −6.94 | 14.94 | 0.07 | −0.16 | 0.34 | 0.05 | −0.12 | 0.28 |
P3 | 6.71 | 1.23 | 11.06 | −3.23 | −10.98 | 8.18 | −0.07 | −0.25 | 0.19 | −0.07 | −0.24 | 0.20 |
P4 | 41.77 | 3.33 | 77.60 | 39.52 | −7.69 | 77.60 | 0.90 | −0.17 | 1.76 | 0.89 | −0.16 | 1.68 |
Poetto Post-Nourishment (2003–2016) | ||||||||||||
SCE (m) | NSM (m) | EPR (m/y) | LRR (m/y) | |||||||||
Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | |
P1 | 38.15 | 11.05 | 55.39 | −38.02 | −55.39 | −9.33 | −2.92 | −4.26 | −0.72 | −2.69 | −3.76 | −0.89 |
P2 | 10.47 | 1.99 | 24.62 | 5.21 | −10.04 | 17.75 | 0.40 | −0.77 | 1.37 | 0.35 | −0.92 | 1.28 |
P3 | 5.65 | 1.03 | 11.63 | −3.03 | −6.86 | 5.16 | −0.23 | −0.53 | 0.40 | −0.31 | −0.61 | 0.29 |
P4 | 7.74 | 2.00 | 17.56 | 3.68 | −3.40 | 13.08 | 0.28 | −0.26 | 1.01 | 0.18 | −0.50 | 0.95 |
Giorgino (1954–2016) | ||||||||||||
SCE (m) | NSM (m) | EPR (m/y) | LRR (m/y) | |||||||||
Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | Mean | Min | Max | |
G1 | 44.12 | 10.02 | 111.27 | −31.46 | −110.75 | 20.77 | −0.51 | −1.79 | 0.34 | −0.47 | −1.76 | 0.44 |
G2 | 30.00 | 9.43 | 48.05 | 12.26 | −9.31 | 43.07 | 0.20 | −0.15 | 0.69 | 0.20 | −0.33 | 0.80 |
G3 | 40.63 | 13.17 | 57.56 | −20.03 | −28.63 | −0.21 | −0.32 | −0.46 | 0.00 | −0.50 | −0.61 | −0.05 |
G4 | 38.96 | 13.24 | 72.85 | 32.66 | 0.65 | 65.28 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 1.05 | 0.47 | −0.04 | 1.14 |
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Biondo, M.; Buosi, C.; Trogu, D.; Mansfield, H.; Vacchi, M.; Ibba, A.; Porta, M.; Ruju, A.; De Muro, S. Natural vs. Anthropic Influence on the Multidecadal Shoreline Changes of Mediterranean Urban Beaches: Lessons from the Gulf of Cagliari (Sardinia). Water 2020, 12, 3578. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123578
Biondo M, Buosi C, Trogu D, Mansfield H, Vacchi M, Ibba A, Porta M, Ruju A, De Muro S. Natural vs. Anthropic Influence on the Multidecadal Shoreline Changes of Mediterranean Urban Beaches: Lessons from the Gulf of Cagliari (Sardinia). Water. 2020; 12(12):3578. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123578
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiondo, Manuela, Carla Buosi, Daniele Trogu, Hannah Mansfield, Matteo Vacchi, Angelo Ibba, Marco Porta, Andrea Ruju, and Sandro De Muro. 2020. "Natural vs. Anthropic Influence on the Multidecadal Shoreline Changes of Mediterranean Urban Beaches: Lessons from the Gulf of Cagliari (Sardinia)" Water 12, no. 12: 3578. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123578