Automated Mapping of Water Table for Cranberry Subirrigation Management: Comparison of Three Spatial Interpolation Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Observed Data
2.2.1. Water Table Depth
2.2.2. Precipitation
2.2.3. Yields
2.3. Spatial Interpolation Methods
2.3.1. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)
2.3.2. Thin Plate Splines (TPS)
2.3.3. Kriging
2.4. Evaluation Criteria of Method Performance
2.5. Sensitivity of Interpolation Methods to Spatial Sampling Density
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Performance of the Studied Interpolation Methods
3.2. Effects of Spatial Sampling Density on Interpolation Metrics
3.3. Water Table and Cranberry Yield Response to Precipitation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
IDW | Inverse distance weighting |
KED | Kriging with external drift |
KRG | Kriging |
MAE | Mean absolute error |
ME | Mean error |
MSE | Mean squared error |
RSME | Root mean squared error |
TPS | Thin plate splines |
WTD | Water table depth |
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Interpolation metrics for Farm A from 2017 to 2019 | |||||||
Interpolation Methods | ME | MAE | Correlation (Observed vs Interpolated) | Correlation (Interpolated vs Residual) | RMSE | RMSE SD | URMSE |
IDW (p = 0.5) | 0.44 | 13.00 | 0.01 | −0.06 | 18.88 | 0.99 | 18.86 |
IDW (p = 2) | 1.22 | 11.89 | 0.29 | −0.13 | 18.14 | 0.95 | 18.06 |
IDW (p = 4) | 1.20 | 12.58 | 0.30 | −0.35 | 19.20 | 1.01 | 19.09 |
KED | 0.27 | 13.45 | 0.24 | −0.19 | 20.74 | 1.09 | 20.70 |
Regression | 1.22 | 11.89 | 0.29 | −0.13 | 18.14 | 0.95 | 18.06 |
TPS | 0.74 | 13.30 | 0.38 | −0.43 | 19.27 | 1.02 | 19.21 |
Interpolation metrics for Farm B from 2017 to 2019 | |||||||
Interpolation Methods | ME | MAE | Correlation (Observed vs Interpolated) | Correlation (Interpolated vs Residual) | RMSE | RMSE SD | URMSE |
IDW (p = 0.5) | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.86 | 0.68 |
IDW (p = 2) | −0.04 | 0.32 | 0.59 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.43 |
IDW (p = 4) | −0.02 | 0.28 | 0.60 | −0.07 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.49 |
KED | −0.01 | 0.39 | 0.55 | −0.02 | 0.50 | 0.64 | 0.49 |
Regression | −0.05 | 0.32 | 0.59 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.43 |
TPS | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.59 | −0.26 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.47 |
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Celicourt, P.; Gumiere, S.J.; Lafond, J.A.; Gumiere, T.; Gallichand, J.; Rousseau, A.N. Automated Mapping of Water Table for Cranberry Subirrigation Management: Comparison of Three Spatial Interpolation Methods. Water 2020, 12, 3322. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123322
Celicourt P, Gumiere SJ, Lafond JA, Gumiere T, Gallichand J, Rousseau AN. Automated Mapping of Water Table for Cranberry Subirrigation Management: Comparison of Three Spatial Interpolation Methods. Water. 2020; 12(12):3322. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123322
Chicago/Turabian StyleCelicourt, Paul, Silvio Jose Gumiere, Jonathan A. Lafond, Thiago Gumiere, Jacques Gallichand, and Alain N. Rousseau. 2020. "Automated Mapping of Water Table for Cranberry Subirrigation Management: Comparison of Three Spatial Interpolation Methods" Water 12, no. 12: 3322. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123322