Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration in Shandong Province from 1980 to 2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Processing
2.3. FAO-56 Penman–Monteith Equation
2.4. Climate Tendency Rate
2.5. Mann–Kendall Trend Testing
2.6. Pearson Correlation
2.7. Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Variation of Meteorological Factors
3.2. Spatial Distribution of Meteorological Factors
3.3. Temporal Variation of ET0
3.4. Spatial Distribution of ET0
3.5. Mann–Kendall Trend Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Meteorological Factors | T (°C) | RH (%) | WS (m/s) | SSD (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Data range | −50–50 | 0–100 | 0–20 | 0–20 |
Data accuracy | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Time | Maximum Value/mm | Minimum Value/mm | Average Annual/mm | Climate Tendency Rate mm/10 a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | 377.95 | 291.16 | 334.32 | 2.26 |
Summer | 470.46 | 364.01 | 406.51 | −3.16 * |
Autumn | 250.01 | 195.93 | 222.24 | −5.33 * |
Winter | 125.02 | 83.32 | 107.40 | −1.57 |
Annual | 1161.85 | 992.77 | 1070.55 | −7.92 * |
Time | ET0 | T | RH | WS | SSD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before change (1980−2002) | −0.31 | 0.66 | 0.27 | −0.10 | −0.26 * |
After change (2002−2019) | −1.28 * | 0.50 * | −1.44 * | −0.33 * | −0.07 |
Whole period (1980−2019) | −1.35 * | 0.44 * | −0.68 * | −0.194 * | −0.25 * |
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Zhang, F.; Liu, Z.; Zhangzhong, L.; Yu, J.; Shi, K.; Yao, L. Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration in Shandong Province from 1980 to 2019. Water 2020, 12, 3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123495
Zhang F, Liu Z, Zhangzhong L, Yu J, Shi K, Yao L. Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration in Shandong Province from 1980 to 2019. Water. 2020; 12(12):3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123495
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Fujie, Zihan Liu, Lili Zhangzhong, Jingxin Yu, Kaili Shi, and Li Yao. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration in Shandong Province from 1980 to 2019" Water 12, no. 12: 3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123495