Remediation of Stormwater Pollutants by Porous Asphalt Pavement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pollutant Removal by Permeable Pavements
- Basic treatment: 80% removal of TSS for influent concentrations between 100 and 200 . For influent concentrations above 200 , a higher treatment goal may be appropriate. For influent concentrations less than 100 , the facilities are intended to achieve an effluent goal of 20 of TSS.
- Phosphorus treatment: 50% removal of TP for influent concentrations ranging from 0.1– .
1.2. Maintenance of Permeable Pavements
1.3. Study Objectives
- quantify the pollutant removal efficiencies for a suite of stormwater pollutants by porous asphalt pavements,
- quantify the impact of annual maintenance on pollutant removal efficiencies,
- determine if measured pollutant removal efficiencies change with the age of the system.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Street Dirt Application and Storm Dosing
2.3. Storm Event Measurements
2.4. Water Quantity Monitoring
2.5. Water Quality Monitoring
2.6. Statistical Testing
- elevated drain sample concentrations from unmaintained PA cells were higher than elevated drain samples from maintained PA cells, to test the effect of maintenance on analyte removal efficiency at the elevated drain.
- under drain sample concentrations from unmaintained PA cells were higher than under drain samples from maintained PA cells, to test the effect of maintenance practices on analyte removal efficiency at the under drain.
- surface effluent sample concentrations from IA cells were higher than elevated drain sample concentrations from PA cells, to test the effect of the upper wearing course on analyte removal efficiency.
- surface effluent sample concentrations from IA cells were higher than under drain sample concentrations from PA cells, to test the effect of the entire PA cell profile (upper wearing course + lower reservoir courses) on analyte removal efficiency.
3. Results
3.1. The Effect of Maintenance
3.2. Sediments
3.3. Nutrients
3.4. Heavy Metals
3.5. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3.6. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
3.7. Stormwater Chemistry
4. Discussion
4.1. Overall Performance
4.2. Maintenance
4.3. Ca and Mg Export
4.4. Relevance to Stormwater BMP Performance Standards
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMP | Best Management Practice |
COD | Chemical Oxygen Demand |
GSI | Green Stormwater Infrastructure |
IA | Impervious Asphalt |
OGFC | Open-Graded Friction Course |
PA | Porous Asphalt |
PAH | Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon |
ROS | Regression on Order Statistics |
TKN | Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen |
TP | Total Phosphorous |
TPH | Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon |
TSS | Total Suspended Solids |
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Storm No. | Date | Storm Type | Treatment | Rainfall/Irrigated Total (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 18-11-2012 | Natural | Undosed | 47.8 |
2 | 22-02-2013 | Natural | Undosed | 9.4 |
3 | 30-07-2013 | Synthetic | Dosed | 30.6 |
4 | 13-08-2013 | Synthetic | Dosed | 33.1 |
5 | 08-10-2013 | Synthetic | Dosed | 32.1 |
6 | 22-10-2013 | Synthetic | Undosed | 34.0 |
7 | 05-03-2014 | Natural | Dosed | 17.0 |
8 | 15-03-2014 | Natural | Dosed | 32.5 |
9 | 17-04-2014 | Natural | Dosed | 19.8 |
10 | 30-10-2014 | Natural | Dosed | 26.2 |
11 | 25-10-2015 | Natural | Dosed | 16.8 |
12 | 12-11-2015 | Natural | Dosed | 53.3 |
Analyte | Median Removal Elevated (%) | p-Value * | Median Removal Under (%) | p-Value * | N Surf | N Elev | N Under | N Storms | Units | Group | GM Surf | GM Elev | GM Under |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coarse Sed. | 99.5 | 0.016 | 98.7 | 0.014 | 27 | 46 | 52 | 9 | g/L | sediment | 2.38 | 7.98 | 1.96 |
Fine Sed. | 59.4 | 0.018 | 57.0 | 0.123 | 27 | 46 | 52 | 9 | g/L | sediment | 1.12 | 3.62 | 5.09 |
TSS | 97.3 | 0.018 | 93.4 | 0.014 | 36 | 62 | 69 | 12 | g/L | sediment | 1.35 | 3.82 | 7.46 |
N-Ammonia | 34.1 | 0.117 | 68.0 | 0.014 | 21 | 35 | 42 | 7 | g/L | nutrient | 8.17 | 3.54 | 3.45 |
NO_2 + NO_3 | 38.3 | 0.089 | 26.1 | 0.259 | 33 | 57 | 65 | 11 | g/L | nutrient | 6.39 | 4.76 | 5.47 |
TKN | 61.0 | 0.018 | 67.4 | 0.014 | 33 | 57 | 66 | 11 | g/L | nutrient | 1.62 | 5.46 | 5.64 |
Ortho-P | 53.4 | 0.018 | 86.0 | 0.014 | 30 | 52 | 59 | 10 | g/L | nutrient | 6.38 | 3.44 | 9.80 |
Total P | 82.7 | 0.018 | 87.7 | 0.014 | 33 | 57 | 62 | 11 | g/L | nutrient | 2.98 | 6.16 | 3.69 |
Diss. Cd | 20.9 | 0.500 | 13.6 | 0.409 | 36 | 62 | 70 | 12 | g/L | metal | 4.79 | 2.17 | 2.63 |
Total Cd | 89.4 | 0.044 | 90.4 | 0.020 | 36 | 62 | 69 | 12 | g/L | metal | 2.97 | 3.79 | 3.32 |
Diss. Cr | 26.2 | 0.131 | 36.0 | 0.096 | 35 | 62 | 70 | 12 | g/L | metal | 4.47 | 2.94 | 2.57 |
Total Cr | 78.9 | 0.018 | 79.7 | 0.014 | 36 | 62 | 70 | 12 | g/L | metal | 2.35 | 4.11 | 4.96 |
Diss. Cu | 26.9 | 0.091 | 44.4 | 0.014 | 35 | 62 | 70 | 12 | g/L | metal | 3.75 | 2.96 | 2.20 |
Total Cu | 81.0 | 0.018 | 82.8 | 0.014 | 36 | 62 | 70 | 12 | g/L | metal | 1.98 | 3.27 | 2.90 |
Diss. Pb | 56.8 | 0.036 | 79.6 | 0.021 | 35 | 62 | 70 | 12 | g/L | metal | 2.65 | 1.22 | 9.15 |
Total Pb | 96.3 | 0.017 | 98.3 | 0.013 | 36 | 62 | 70 | 12 | g/L | metal | 9.88 | 4.03 | 2.38 |
Diss. Zn | 85.5 | 0.018 | 91.3 | 0.014 | 35 | 62 | 70 | 12 | g/L | metal | 2.27 | 4.14 | 2.73 |
Total Zn | 95.0 | 0.018 | 97.8 | 0.014 | 36 | 62 | 70 | 12 | g/L | metal | 1.04 | 5.07 | 3.74 |
d10-2-Methyl. | 4.2 | 0.231 | 3.1 | 0.302 | 24 | 42 | 47 | 8 | % | PAH | 5.91 | 5.69 | 5.74 |
Benzo(a)pyrene | 10.6 | 0.349 | 11.6 | 0.725 | 31 | 57 | 66 | 11 | g/L | PAH | 9.41 | 5.05 | 4.70 |
Chrysene | 71.0 | 0.186 | 63.2 | 0.183 | 33 | 56 | 66 | 11 | g/L | PAH | 1.38 | 3.77 | 4.60 |
d14-Dibenzo(a,h). | −6.2 | 0.850 | −5.7 | 0.819 | 24 | 42 | 47 | 8 | % | PAH | 6.35 | 7.13 | 6.93 |
Fluoranthene | 89.9 | 0.097 | 91.8 | 0.018 | 33 | 57 | 66 | 11 | g/L | PAH | 1.41 | 1.64 | 1.21 |
Phenanthrene | 36.6 | 0.383 | 62.9 | 0.383 | 33 | 57 | 66 | 11 | g/L | PAH | 1.17 | 4.72 | 4.23 |
Pyrene | 86.8 | 0.383 | 84.6 | 0.078 | 33 | 57 | 66 | 11 | g/L | PAH | 7.61 | 1.63 | 1.38 |
Diesel H. | 66.6 | 0.068 | 76.4 | 0.049 | 37 | 60 | 71 | 12 | g/L | TPH | 1.19 | 3.31 | 2.13 |
Motor Oil | 91.3 | 0.018 | 91.2 | 0.014 | 37 | 60 | 70 | 12 | g/L | TPH | 3.35 | 4.71 | 2.68 |
o-Terphenyl | −3.8 | 0.770 | −9.1 | 0.964 | 36 | 60 | 70 | 12 | % | TPH | 8.04 | 8.42 | 8.87 |
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Jayakaran, A.D.; Knappenberger, T.; Stark, J.D.; Hinman, C. Remediation of Stormwater Pollutants by Porous Asphalt Pavement. Water 2019, 11, 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030520
Jayakaran AD, Knappenberger T, Stark JD, Hinman C. Remediation of Stormwater Pollutants by Porous Asphalt Pavement. Water. 2019; 11(3):520. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030520
Chicago/Turabian StyleJayakaran, Anand D., Thorsten Knappenberger, John D. Stark, and Curtis Hinman. 2019. "Remediation of Stormwater Pollutants by Porous Asphalt Pavement" Water 11, no. 3: 520. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030520