Quantifying Water Quality Improvements through Use of Precision Herbicide Application Technologies in a Dry-Tropical, Furrow-Irrigated Cropping System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Trial and Experimental Design
2.3. Irrigation Measurements
2.4. Herbicide Analyses
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Irrigation Runoff and Losses of Applied Herbicides
3.2. Toxic Load Losses of Applied Herbicide Mixture
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Physico-Chemical Property | Value |
---|---|
Type-texture | grey-brown clay |
Sample depth | 0–0.2 m |
Soil pH | 7.3–8.3 |
Cation exchange capacity | 18–24 meq/100 g |
Electrical conductivity (1:5 extract, dS/m) | 0.17–0.2 |
Soil organic carbon (%) | 0.94–1.00 |
Product (Active) * | a.i. g/L | Application Rate to Paddock (L-Kg/ha) | Irvin Leg Rate (a.i. g/ha) | Shielded Sprayer Rate (a.i. g/ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agritone 750 (MCPA) | 750 | 1 | 450 | |
Wipeout 540 (Glyphosate) | 540 | 1 | 324 | |
Zulu Evo (2,4-D) | 720 | 1.8 | 1296 | 518.4 |
Gramoxone (Paraquat) | 250 | 1.6 | 400 | 160 |
Diurex (Diuron) | 900 | 1.9 | 1710 | 684 |
Dual Gold (Metolachlor) | 960 | 1.8 | 1728 | 691.2 |
Spark (Imazapic) | 240 | 0.4 | 96 | 38.4 |
Flume: Treatment | Runoff (mm) |
---|---|
Flume 1-Treatment 1: Diuron broadcast | 22.0 |
Flume 2-Treatment 1: Diuron broadcast | 16.5 |
Flume 3-Treatment 2: Diuron banded | 19.5 |
Flume 4-Treatment 2: Diuron banded | 14.6 |
Flume 5-Treatment 3: Metolachlor broadcast | 20.6 |
Flume 6-Treatment 3: Metolachlor broadcast | 15.7 |
Flume 7-Treatment 4: Metolachlor banded | 19.5 |
Flume 8-Treatment 4: Metolachlor banded | 17.2 |
Flume 9-Treatment 5: Imazapic broadcast | 18.5 |
Flume 10-Treatment 5: Imazapic broadcast | 21.1 |
Flume 11-Treatment 6: Imazapic banded | 15.9 |
Flume 12-Treatment 6: Imazapic banded | 20.4 |
Mean (C.V.) | 18.46 (0.13) |
Treatment (T) | Metolachlor | Imazapic | Diuron | GlyphosateA | MCPA A | 2,4-D | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Load Loss (g.a.i./ha) | % of Applied Lost | Load Loss (g.a.i./ha) | % of Applied Lost | Load Loss (g.a.i./ha) | % of Applied Lost | Load Loss (g.a.i./ha) | % of Applied Lost | Load Loss (g.a.i./ha) | % of Applied Lost | Load Loss (g.a.i./ha) | % of Applied Lost | |
T1-Diuron broadcast | 60.1 | 3.5 | 16.1 | 1.2 | ||||||||
T1-Diuron broadcast | 111.0 | 6.5 | 28.4 | 2.2 | ||||||||
T2-Diuron banded | 6.1 | 0.9 | 12.2 | 3.8 | 26.7 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 1.5 | ||||
T2-Diuron banded | 9.1 | 1.3 | 14.1 | 4.3 | 36.1 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 1.9 | ||||
T3-Metolachlor broadcast | 61.5 | 3.6 | 23.2 | 1.8 | ||||||||
T3-Metolachlor broadcast | 117.4 | 6.8 | 34.5 | 2.7 | ||||||||
T4-Metolachlor banded | 4.8 | 0.7 | 19.7 | 6.1 | 32.0 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 1.0 | ||||
T4-Metolachlor banded | 5.6 | 0.8 | 21.0 | 6.5 | 45.8 | 10.2 | 6.7 | 1.3 | ||||
T5-Imazapic broadcast | 3.9 | 4.1 | 31.0 | 2.4 | ||||||||
T5-Imazapic broadcast | 3.6 | 3.7 | 12.3 | 1.0 | ||||||||
T6-Imazapic banded | 0.3 | 0.7 | 14.0 | 4.3 | 20.4 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 1.1 | ||||
T6-Imazapic banded | 0.4 | 1.1 | 11.8 | 3.6 | 17.6 | 3.9 | 6.6 | 1.3 |
Herbicide | CAS Registry Number | DT50 (Field) | Solubility in Water (mg/L) (20 °C, pH 7) | KOC | Proposed 99% Freshwater Ecosystem Protection Guideline (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diuron | 330-54-1 | 229 | 35.6 | 680 | 0.08 |
S-Metolachlor | 87392-12-9 | 21 | 480 | 120 | 0.016 |
Imazapic | 104098-48-8 | 232 | 2230 | 137 | 0.036 |
2,4-D | 94-75-7 | 28.8 | 24,300 | 39.3 | 1000 ^ |
MCPA | 94-74-6 | 25 | 29,390 | 46.0 | 1.0 ^ |
Paraquat | 1910-42-5 | 2800 | 620,000 | 1,000,000 | NA |
Glyphosate | 1071-83-6 | 23.79 | 10,500 | 1424 | 140 |
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Davis, A.M.; Neelamraju, C. Quantifying Water Quality Improvements through Use of Precision Herbicide Application Technologies in a Dry-Tropical, Furrow-Irrigated Cropping System. Water 2019, 11, 2326. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112326
Davis AM, Neelamraju C. Quantifying Water Quality Improvements through Use of Precision Herbicide Application Technologies in a Dry-Tropical, Furrow-Irrigated Cropping System. Water. 2019; 11(11):2326. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112326
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavis, Aaron M., and Catherine Neelamraju. 2019. "Quantifying Water Quality Improvements through Use of Precision Herbicide Application Technologies in a Dry-Tropical, Furrow-Irrigated Cropping System" Water 11, no. 11: 2326. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112326