Impact of Soil Conservation and Eucalyptus on Hydrology and Soil Loss in the Ethiopian Highlands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Precipitation and Discharge
3.2. Effect of Changes in the Watershed on Discharge
3.2.1. Soil and Water Conservation Practices
3.2.2. Eucalyptus Trees
3.2.3. Road Construction
3.3. Sediment
3.3.1. Sediment Load
3.3.2. Sediment Concentration
3.4. Discharge–Sediment Concentration Hysteresis Patterns
3.5. Effect of Changes in the Watershed on Sediment Transport
3.5.1. Effect of SWCPs and Gullies on Sediment Transport
3.5.2. Effect SWCPs and Gullies on Discharge–Sediment Concentration Relationship
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water-Shed | Cultivated | Grass Land | Shrub | Eucalyptus | Total | Existence of Gully | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2018 | 2010 | 2018 | 2010 | 2018 | ||||
1 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 5.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.2 | 8.8 | No gully |
2 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.7 | 11 | Upland gully formed in 2017 |
3 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 6.5 | No gully |
4 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.4 | 10.4 | Gully became stable |
5 | 69 | 67.5 | 14 | 10.5 | 8.5 | 1.5 | 5 | 95 | 15 small gullies; 1 gully of 1500 m2. |
Watershed | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Average | St dev |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 |
W2 | 18.5 | 13.7 | 4.3 | - | 8.2 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
W3 | 5.2 | 8 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 2.5 |
W4 | 12 | 19.9 | 5.1 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 5.6 | 6.4 |
W5 | 70.3 | 53.9 | 9.0 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 0.3 | 4.1 | 15.8 | 2.8 | 20.2 | 24.6 |
Average | 21.8 | 19.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 5.6 | 1.0 | ||
St dev | 27.8 | 20.1 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 4.4 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 5.7 | 1.1 |
Watershed | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.4 |
W2 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 3.2 | - | 3.6 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 1.4 |
W3 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 1.2 |
W4 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 0.6 |
W5 | 12.7 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 11.5 | 8.2 | 4.2 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 5.7 |
Type of Loops | 2010–2011 | 2012–2014 | 2015–2018 |
---|---|---|---|
Clockwise | 17 | 14 | 45 |
Counter-clockwise | 22 | 15 | 7 |
Mixed | 61 | 72 | 48 |
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Mhiret, D.A.; Dagnew, D.C.; Alemie, T.C.; Guzman, C.D.; Tilahun, S.A.; Zaitchik, B.F.; Steenhuis, T.S. Impact of Soil Conservation and Eucalyptus on Hydrology and Soil Loss in the Ethiopian Highlands. Water 2019, 11, 2299. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112299
Mhiret DA, Dagnew DC, Alemie TC, Guzman CD, Tilahun SA, Zaitchik BF, Steenhuis TS. Impact of Soil Conservation and Eucalyptus on Hydrology and Soil Loss in the Ethiopian Highlands. Water. 2019; 11(11):2299. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112299
Chicago/Turabian StyleMhiret, Demesew A., Dessalegn C. Dagnew, Tilashwork C. Alemie, Christian D. Guzman, Seifu A. Tilahun, Benjamin F. Zaitchik, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. 2019. "Impact of Soil Conservation and Eucalyptus on Hydrology and Soil Loss in the Ethiopian Highlands" Water 11, no. 11: 2299. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112299