Removal of Antimony Species, Sb(III)/Sb(V), from Water by Using Iron Coagulants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Water Characteristics
2.2. Reagents and Materials
2.3. Experimental Procedure
2.4. Analytical Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Antimony Speciation
3.2. Sb(III) Removal by Fe(III) or Fe(II) Coagulation
3.2.1. Fe(III) Addition
- GFH (Q5 = 1.4 μg Sb(III)/mg GFH, or 2.5 μg Sb(III)/mg Fe), which was supplied by SIEMENS and mainly consists of akaganeite with an iron content 55 ± 1% w/w at dry basis, and
3.2.2. Fe(II) Addition
3.3. Sb(V) Removal by Fe(III) or Fe(II) Coagulation
3.3.1. Fe(III)
3.3.2. Fe(II) or Equimolar Fe(II)/Fe(III) Additions
4. Conclusions
- ✔
- Coagulation is generally an effective treatment technique for antimony removal from polluted aqueous sources, with much more efficient Sb(III) removal induced by Fe(III) coagulant, that is, Q5 = 4.7 μg Sb(III)/mg Fe(III), than by Fe(II), that is, Q5 = 0.45 μg Sb(III)/mg Fe(II) at pH 7. Furthermore, Fe(III)-based coagulant addition proved also more efficient than the Fe(II) or Fe(III)/Fe(II) coagulants for Sb(V) removal. However, the Fe(III) uptake capacity for Sb(V), that is, Q5 = 1.82 μg Sb(V)/mg Fe(III), was found almost equal to 39% of the corresponding value for the case of Sb(III) and 2.5% of the corresponding value for the tetrahedral geometry As(V) oxy-anions (i.e., Q5 = 44 μg As(V)/mg Fe(III)).
- ✔
- Fe(II) coagulant seems to contribute to Sb(V) reduction to Sb(III), since its adsorption capacity for Sb(V), that is, Q5 = 1.3 μg Sb(V)/mg Fe(II), was found to be almost three times higher than the corresponding for Sb(III), that is, Q5 = 0.45 μg Sb(III)/mg Fe(II).
- ✔
- The water pH value does not influence Sb(III) removal by the Fe(III) addition at pH range 6–8, commonly encountered in most natural waters with Q5 = 4.8 ± 0.1 μg Sb(III)/mg Fe(III), because Sb(III) is present mainly as a neutral molecule in the form of Sb(OH)3. However, at pH 5 the uptake capacity proved to be significantly higher, that is, Q5 = 10.5 μg Sb(III)/mg Fe(III), due to the increase of positive surface charge density of FeOOH precipitates.
- ✔
- By lowering the water pH below the IEP value of FeOOH precipitates, the uptake of Sb(OH)6− was gradually increased, due to the increase of positively charged Fe(OH)2+/Fe(OH)2+ hydrolysis species of Fe(III), for example, for Co = 60 μg Sb(V)/L and iron dose 2.5 mg Fe(III)/L the residual concentrations at water pH 8, 7, 6, 5 were found to be 59, 56, 40, 25 μg Sb(V)/L, respectively.
- ✔
- The fitting of adsorption isotherms data to sorption models, regarding the equilibrium antimony concentrations in the range of 5–100 μg/L, showed that the Sb(III) data were better fitted to the Freundlich model, while the corresponding data for Sb(V) were better fitted to the BET model.
- ✔
- Finally, the experimental data of this study were focused in antimony concentrations commonly found in polluted natural waters (around or lower than 100 μg/L), hence allowing the accurate determination of respective adsorption capacities by the coagulation produced precipitates-solids at the drinking water regulation limit (Q5), and therefore, supplying the fundamental information for upscaling the results of this study.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Average Value |
---|---|
pH | 7.30 |
Conductivity, μS/cm | 590 |
Na, mg/L | 35 |
Ca, mg/L | 80 |
Mg, mg/L | 24 |
HCO3−, mg/L | 342 |
Fe, mg/L | <0.02 |
Mn, mg/L | <0.005 |
NO3−, mg/L | 9 |
SO42−, mg/L | 8 |
Cl−, mg/L | 13 |
TOC, mg/L | 0.4 |
Coagulant | pH | ΚF (μg/mg)/(μg/L)n | n | R2 | Q5 μg Sb(III)/mg Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe(III) | 5 | 2.964 | 0.7900 | 0.989 | 10.5 |
Fe(III) | 6 | 0.985 | 1.0019 | 0.997 | 4.9 |
Fe(III) | 7 | 0.887 | 1.0265 | 0.999 | 4.7 |
Fe(III) | 8 | 0.995 | 0.9877 | 0.993 | 4.8 |
Fe(II) | 7 | 0.032 | 1.6354 | 0.994 | 0.45 |
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Mitrakas, M.; Mantha, Z.; Tzollas, N.; Stylianou, S.; Katsoyiannis, I.; Zouboulis, A. Removal of Antimony Species, Sb(III)/Sb(V), from Water by Using Iron Coagulants. Water 2018, 10, 1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101328
Mitrakas M, Mantha Z, Tzollas N, Stylianou S, Katsoyiannis I, Zouboulis A. Removal of Antimony Species, Sb(III)/Sb(V), from Water by Using Iron Coagulants. Water. 2018; 10(10):1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101328
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitrakas, Manassis, Zoi Mantha, Nikos Tzollas, Stelios Stylianou, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, and Anastasios Zouboulis. 2018. "Removal of Antimony Species, Sb(III)/Sb(V), from Water by Using Iron Coagulants" Water 10, no. 10: 1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101328