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Open AccessArticle
Toledo and Climate Change: 30 Years of Clinical Aerobiology in the Center of Spain
by
Angel Moral de Gregorio
Angel Moral de Gregorio
Angel Moral de Gregorio, Head od Allergy Department, Toledo University Hospital. Assistant Physician [...]
Angel Moral de Gregorio, Head od Allergy Department, Toledo University Hospital. Assistant Physician Allergy Department. Virgen del Valle Hospital(Toledo) (1991-2023).Head of aerobiology Unit Virgen del valle Hospital.Member of the Aerobiology Commite of the Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (SEAIC) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Menber of the Organizing Committee of the International Symposium of Aerobiologya and Pollinosis in Zaragoza (Spain) 2003. Member of the Board of Directors of SEAIC (2004-2008). Secretary of the SEAIC Aerobiology Committee (2010-2014) and President of the SEAIC Committee (2014-2022). Head of the Aerobiology Committee in Spain of the Latin American Society of Allergology and Immunology (2014-2022). Coordinator of the Scientific Committee of the International Symposium on Aerobiology, Pollution and Climate Change, Murcia (Spain), 2017. Member of the Corporate Development Commission (CORP) of SEAIC (2018-present). Member of the Working Group on Respiratory Allergy and Asthma: Enviroment, Pollutio cn and Climate Change of SEAIC (2020-present). Attendance at more than 50 national and international conferences on the speciality of allergology. Speaker and moderator at multiple national and internatiomnal courses and conferences on the speciality of allergology. More than 60 publications in national books and journal of the speciality of allergology.
,
Francisco Feo Brito
Francisco Feo Brito
Consultant in the Allergy Department at the University Hospital of Toledo since August 2022. I as an [...]
Consultant in the Allergy Department at the University Hospital of Toledo since August 2022. Previously, I worked as an emergency department consultant at the Hospital of Toledo from June 2021, and before that, I was a resident doctor specializing in allergology at Virgen del Valle Hospital from May 2017 to May 2021. I hold a degree in Medicine from the University of Valladolid. Member of the Spanish Society of Allergology and the Madrid–Castilla-La Mancha Society of
Allergology. Master’s degree in Allergology from Tech University in 2025 and University Expert in Allergic Diseases in 2024.
Raúl Guzmán Rodríguez
Raúl Guzmán Rodríguez
Dr. Carlos J. Senent Sánchez, who holds a degree in Medicine from the Complutense University of is [...]
Dr. Carlos J. Senent Sánchez, who holds a degree in Medicine from the Complutense University of Madrid (1979), is a specialist in Allergology (MIR at Gregorio Marañón Hospital, 1984), has been an allergologist at the University Hospital of Toledo since 1985, and is head of its Allergology Department.
Pedro Beneyto Martin
Pedro Beneyto Martin
Allergist at the Macarena Hospital in Seville. Member of the Board of Directors of the Mancha of and [...]
Allergist at the Macarena Hospital in Seville. Member of the Board of Directors of the Madrid–Castilla-La Mancha Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (1996–2000 and 2004–2008). President of the Clinical Aerobiology Committee (2010–2014) of the Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (SEAIC) and Coordinator of the Environment and Aerobiology Committee of the Latin American Society of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (2016–2018).Head of the Allergology Section at the University Hospital of Ciudad Real (1984–2022). Professor at the Faculty of Medicine of Ciudad Real..Principal Investigator (PI) of the clinical research group “Alergia Ciudad Real,” (ARADyAL), RETICS of the Carlos III Health Institute, from 2010 to 2022..Over the past thirty years, this research has been funded by two projects from the Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Carlos III Health Institute. In addition, four projects from the Foundation for Research in Castilla-La Mancha (FISCAM).Director of 12 doctoral theses, speaker at national and international congresses, and author of more than one hundred scientific publications. Member of the Scientific Committee for two International Symposia on Clinical Aerobiology (2003, 2017).Recipient of two Alberto Oehling Awards from SEAIC for the best scientific publication in the Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, in 2010 and 2016.Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Castilla-La Mancha.
Carlos Senent Sánchez
Carlos Senent Sánchez
Head of the Research Unit of the Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo. MD, PhD. University [...]
Head of the Research Unit of the Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo. MD, PhD. Complutense University of Madrid. Professional activity as an Ophtalmologist: Severo Ochoa Hospital (Leganés) and Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo. President of the Comisión de Investigación. Severo Ochoa Hospital (Leganés). President of the Comisión de Investigación. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo. Vice-President of the Ethics Committee for Drug Research at the Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo.
1
Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario Toledo, 45007 Toledo, Spain
2
Faculty of Medicine of Ciudad Real, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
3
Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Toledo, 45007 Toledo, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2025, 16(8), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080981 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 June 2025
/
Revised: 3 August 2025
/
Accepted: 13 August 2025
/
Published: 18 August 2025
Abstract
The incidence of allergic diseases has increased notably in recent years. The reasons for this increase include air pollution, diet, and infectious factors. This study aims to analyze the interactions between aeroallergens, environmental pollutants, and meteorological factors and their impact on allergenic sensitization in Toledo, Spain. An aerobiological study was conducted over the past 30 years (1994–2023) using a Burkard collector and the SEAIC (Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology) methodology. Meteorological data were obtained from the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) and pollutant data were acquired from the Castilla-La Mancha Air Quality Monitoring Network. Patients presenting with seasonal allergic symptoms at the University Hospital of Toledo were selected for skin testing with various types of airborne pollen. A total of twenty pollen taxa were identified in the Toledo atmosphere, as follows: Cupressaceae (26.53%); Olea europaea (21.62%); Quercus (21.12%); Poaceae (10.30%); Urticaceae (2.58%); Plantago (2.48%); Platanus (2.00%); Amaranthaceae (1.72%); Rumex (1.68%); and Morus, Pistacia, Populus, Artemisia, Fraxinus, Alnus, Carex, and Ericaceae (less than 1% each). The average temperature increased by 1.2 °C, while the level of precipitation remained stable. Among all pollutants, only a moderate increase in ozone levels was observed; however, the concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides decreased. The prevalence of pollen sensitization in allergic patients ranged from 8% for Pinus nigra to 84% for Phleum pratense. In conclusion, the rise in temperature due to climate change, coupled with high concentrations of pollutants such as ozone, can result in increased concentrations of the main types of wind-borne pollen. Thus, this can lead to a greater sensitivity to pollen and, consequently, more people becoming allergic to pollen.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Moral de Gregorio, A.; Feo Brito, F.; Guzmán Rodríguez, R.; Beneyto Martin, P.; Sánchez, C.S.
Toledo and Climate Change: 30 Years of Clinical Aerobiology in the Center of Spain. Atmosphere 2025, 16, 981.
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080981
AMA Style
Moral de Gregorio A, Feo Brito F, Guzmán Rodríguez R, Beneyto Martin P, Sánchez CS.
Toledo and Climate Change: 30 Years of Clinical Aerobiology in the Center of Spain. Atmosphere. 2025; 16(8):981.
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080981
Chicago/Turabian Style
Moral de Gregorio, Angel, Francisco Feo Brito, Raúl Guzmán Rodríguez, Pedro Beneyto Martin, and Carlos Senent Sánchez.
2025. "Toledo and Climate Change: 30 Years of Clinical Aerobiology in the Center of Spain" Atmosphere 16, no. 8: 981.
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080981
APA Style
Moral de Gregorio, A., Feo Brito, F., Guzmán Rodríguez, R., Beneyto Martin, P., & Sánchez, C. S.
(2025). Toledo and Climate Change: 30 Years of Clinical Aerobiology in the Center of Spain. Atmosphere, 16(8), 981.
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080981
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