Analysis of CO2 Concentration and Fluxes of Lisbon Portugal Using Regional CO2 Assimilation Method Based on WRF-Chem

Jin, Jiuping; Huang, Yongjian; Wei, Chong; Wang, Xinping; Xu, Xiaojun; Gu, Qianrong; Wang, Mingquan

doi:10.3390/atmos16070847

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Open AccessArticle

Analysis of CO₂ Concentration and Fluxes of Lisbon Portugal Using Regional CO₂ Assimilation Method Based on WRF-Chem

by

Jiuping Jin

¹,

Yongjian Huang

²,

Chong Wei

^1,3

,

Xinping Wang

⁴,

Xiaojun Xu

⁵,

Qianrong Gu

^1,* and

Mingquan Wang

^1,*

¹

Shanghai Carbon Data Research Team, Advanced Energy Systems and Equipment Development Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China

²

Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Weather Research Center for Monitoring Warning and Forecasting, Shenzhen Institute of Meteorological Innovation, Shenzhen 523335, China

³

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring & Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China

⁴

Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201304, China

⁵

Shanghai Environment Monitoring Center, Application Technology Department, Shanghai 200235, China

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070847 (registering DOI)

Submission received: 3 June 2025 / Revised: 5 July 2025 / Accepted: 9 July 2025 / Published: 11 July 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sources, Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Health Effects of Atmospheric Compositions (2nd Edition))

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Abstract

Cities house more than half of the world’s population and are responsible for more than 70% of the world anthropogenic CO

_{2}

emissions. Therefore, quantifications of emissions from major cities, which are only less than a hundred intense emitting spots across the globe, should allow us to monitor changes in global fossil fuel CO

_{2}

emissions in an independent, objective way. The study adopted a high-spatiotemporal-resolution regional assimilation method using satellite observation data and atmospheric transport model WRF-Chem/DART to assimilate CO

_{2}

concentration and fluxes in Lisbon, a major city in Portugal. It is based on Zhang’s assimilation method, combined OCO-2 XCO

_{2}

retrieval data, ODIAC 1 km anthropogenic CO

_{2}

emissions and Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter Assimilation. By employing three two-way nested domains in WRF-Chem, we refined the spatial resolution of the CO

_{2}

concentrations and fluxes over Lisbon to 3 km. The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and main driving factors of CO

_{2}

concentrations and fluxes in Lisbon and its surrounding cities and countries were analyzed in March 2020, during the period affected by COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that the monthly average CO

_{2}

and XCO

_{2}

concentrations in Lisbon were 420.66 ppm and 413.88 ppm, respectively, and the total flux was 0.50 Tg CO

_{2}

. From a wider perspective, the findings provide a scientific foundation for urban carbon emission management and policy-making.

Keywords: regional CO2 assimilation; WRF-CHEM/DART; two-way nesting; CO2 concentration and flux; Lisbon

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jin, J.; Huang, Y.; Wei, C.; Wang, X.; Xu, X.; Gu, Q.; Wang, M. Analysis of CO₂ Concentration and Fluxes of Lisbon Portugal Using Regional CO₂ Assimilation Method Based on WRF-Chem. Atmosphere 2025, 16, 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070847

AMA Style

Jin J, Huang Y, Wei C, Wang X, Xu X, Gu Q, Wang M. Analysis of CO₂ Concentration and Fluxes of Lisbon Portugal Using Regional CO₂ Assimilation Method Based on WRF-Chem. Atmosphere. 2025; 16(7):847. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070847

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jin, Jiuping, Yongjian Huang, Chong Wei, Xinping Wang, Xiaojun Xu, Qianrong Gu, and Mingquan Wang. 2025. "Analysis of CO₂ Concentration and Fluxes of Lisbon Portugal Using Regional CO₂ Assimilation Method Based on WRF-Chem" Atmosphere 16, no. 7: 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070847

APA Style

Jin, J., Huang, Y., Wei, C., Wang, X., Xu, X., Gu, Q., & Wang, M. (2025). Analysis of CO₂ Concentration and Fluxes of Lisbon Portugal Using Regional CO₂ Assimilation Method Based on WRF-Chem. Atmosphere, 16(7), 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070847

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Analysis of CO₂ Concentration and Fluxes of Lisbon Portugal Using Regional CO₂ Assimilation Method Based on WRF-Chem

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