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Article

Knowledge Map-Based Analysis of Carbon Sequestration Research Dynamics in Forest and Grass Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis

by
Quanlin Ma
1,†,
Xinyou Wang
2,3,*,†,
Baoru Mo
1,
Zaiguo Liu
1,
Yangjun Zhang
1,
Wenzheng Zong
1 and
Meiting Bai
2,3,*
1
Gansu Academy of Forestry, Lanzhou 730020, China
2
Research Department, Gansu Open University, Lanzhou 730030, China
3
School of Aerospace Economics and Industry, Lanzhou Aviation Vocational and Technical College, Lanzhou 730070, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040474
Submission received: 25 March 2025 / Revised: 11 April 2025 / Accepted: 16 April 2025 / Published: 18 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Ecosystems in a Changing Climate)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Forest and grass systems are globally significant carbon-sequestering ecosystems, crucial for mitigating climate change and optimizing ecological management. To clarify the research history, major contributing groups, and research hotspots related to carbon sequestration in global forest and grass systems, this study utilizes the core ensemble of the Web of Science database as its data source. Employing bibliometric methodology and software, such as VOSviewer 1.6.20 and CiteSpace 5.7.R1, we analyzed the development of 594 relevant publications from 2010 to 2024, focusing on their developmental lineage, research groups, current research status, and visualizing and analyzing research hotspots and frontiers. The results indicate that the volume of the literature on carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems generally follows the pattern of a logistic growth curve, demonstrating an upward trend from 2010 to 2024. The primary contributors consist of 400 researchers, including Nath, Arun Jyoti, and Ajit, as well as 378 research organizations across 42 countries, including China, the USA, and India. China’s contribution to this field is rapidly increasing, accounting for over 20% of the total articles, with ‘Chinese Acad Sci’ and ‘Univ Chinese Acad Sci’ being the most prominent contributors, together representing 10.45% of the total publications in this field. The 179 journals, including Agroforestry Systems and Forests, serve as a significant platform for academic exchange in the development of this field. The predominant research directions are found in the areas of ‘Environmental Sciences & Ecology’ and ‘Agriculture’, which collectively account for over 50% of the publications. Additionally, research focused on ‘Sequestration’ is increasingly examining the relationship between carbon sequestration in forest and grassland systems and factors such as climate change, ecosystem productivity, and biodiversity. The keyword clusters ‘#0 ferralsol’ and ‘#4 forest ecosystem’ have consistently represented important research directions throughout this period. A total of 21 keywords were identified, with ‘land use change’ exhibiting the highest intensity at 4.4524. Future research should not only prioritize the integration of the impacts of global climate change but also enhance collaboration among authors and institutions. Furthermore, it is essential to promote multidisciplinary and cross-regional collaborative innovations by leveraging emerging technologies such as AI and genetic engineering.

1. Introduction

In the context of escalating global climate change, enhancing the carbon sequestration capacity of terrestrial ecosystems has emerged as a central issue in international climate governance [1]. The Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC (AR6) indicates that the average annual carbon sequestration of global terrestrial ecosystems from 2001 to 2020 is approximately 11.2 ± 2.6 Gt CO2, with forests and grasslands accounting for over 60% of this total, thereby underscoring their critical role in the carbon cycle [2]. In response to climate change, the Paris Agreement explicitly advocates for the enhancement of carbon sinks through ‘nature-based solutions’ (NbS), while China’s ‘14th Five-Year Plan’ identifies ‘forest and grassland carbon sink action’ as a key measure to achieve this goal [3]. According to data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the global area of plantation forests has increased by 123% over the past 30 years; however, the efficiency of these carbon sinks is constrained by technical challenges such as tree species configuration and operational methods [4]. In this context, it is of urgent practical importance to systematically analyze the research patterns and evolutionary trends of forest and grassland carbon sequestration technologies to optimize ecological engineering practices and support policy decision-making.
In recent years, research on carbon sequestration in forests and grasslands has been characterized by the integration of multiple scales and technologies [5,6]. At the microscopic level, foundational theories, such as soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization mechanisms (e.g., mineral-bound carbon formation) and plant photosynthetic carbon allocation models, have continued to evolve [7,8]. At the mesoscopic level, remote sensing technologies, such as Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2, have significantly enhanced the accuracy of monitoring carbon stock dynamics and regional carbon sink accounting [9]. At the macroscopic level, Europe and the United States have developed cross-regional carbon flux databases, leveraging long-term ecological networks like the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program in the United States and the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) in Europe [10]. Additionally, countries are actively implementing policy-driven initiatives to accelerate the advancement of research on carbon sequestration in forests and grasslands. Notable examples include China’s ‘Three-North’ Protection Forest Project and the European Union’s ‘Green Deal’, among other landmark projects aimed at promoting plantation forest management. However, the efficiency of technology diffusion remains constrained by regional heterogeneity [11,12]. Bibliometrics is extensively utilized in the field of ecology; for instance, Yang and Meng [13] revealed the evolution of the global carbon footprint and established a research framework using CiteSpace, while Chen et al. [14] analyzed global research trends in rhizomatic deposition and the soil carbon cycle through a combination of VOSviewer and CiteSpace software. Furthermore, Oliveira Filho [15] employed VOSviewer to visualize and analyze soils within terrestrial biomes. Research in this domain has also expanded into disciplines such as agriculture [16], food science [17], pedagogy [18], and medicine [19].
Although some studies have explored carbon sequestration pathways in forests and grasslands from the perspectives of technological effectiveness and policy synergy, most existing analyses are confined to a single database or a static network. The examination of the dynamic migration of technological hotspots and cross-disciplinary mechanisms in the realm of forest and grassland carbon sequestration remains insufficient. Furthermore, the global distribution of research participation among technological innovators and tropical regions with high carbon sink potential is not well-understood. To address these issues, this study integrates CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to construct a hybrid bibliometric model by deconstructing a collection of 594 papers on carbon sequestration in global forest and grass systems published from 2010 to 2024. We analyze the historical development of research in this field, characterize the topology of the collaborative network among researchers, countries, and institutions, and reveal the evolutionary paths of key technological topics and the influence of emerging interdisciplinary disciplines on future research paradigms. The findings of this study will provide a valuable reference for future research in the domain of carbon sequestration in global forest and grassland systems.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Data Sources and Pre-Processing

In this study, original academic papers included in the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection with an unlimited start date and a deadline of 31 December 2024 were used as the data source. An advanced search was used to search for research-related subject terms, and the compound search formula constructed by the WOS Core Collection was: TS = ((“forest* ecosystem*” OR “grassland* ecosystem*” OR “silvopastoral system*” OR “agroforestry” OR “planted forest*” OR “natural forest*” OR “rangeland*” OR “pasture*” OR “woodland*”) AND (“carbon sequestrat*” OR “carbon sink*” OR “carbon storage” OR “carbon stock*” OR “soil organic carbon” OR “SOC” OR “carbon capture and storage” OR “carbon retention”) NOT (“ocean*” OR “wetland*” OR “mangrove*” OR “blue carbon” OR “CCS”) AND (DOCUMENT TYPES: Article OR Review)). The preliminary search yielded 607 English literature articles, and, after manually cleaning the literature unrelated to the research direction of this paper, the duplicated literature and the literature that did not satisfy the screening conditions, we finally obtained 594 valid English literature articles on carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems during 2010–2024, of which the numbers of articles with ‘Article’ and ‘Review’ were 569 and 25, respectively. The process of data retrieval is shown in Figure 1.
In the process of keyword frequency statistical analysis and other analyses, keywords with similar or consistent meanings were combined and classified, such as ‘Carbon Sequestration’ and ‘Sequestration’, ‘Soil Carbon’ and ‘Soil Organic Carbon’, ‘Climate’ and ‘Climate Change’, and ‘Climate Change’. ‘Climate Change’, ‘Stock’, and ‘Carbon Stock’; ‘Land Use Change’ and ‘Carbon Stock’; ‘Land Use Change’; and ‘Land Use’ and ‘Land-use’ were combined and categorized.

2.2. Analysis Tools and Parameter Settings

In this study, based on bibliometric principles, VOSviewer 1.6.20 was used to construct collaborative network and keyword co-occurrence maps (Association Strength Algorithm, Minimum Cluster Density = 0.5), and CiteSpace 5.7.R1 was used for time-zone view mapping and emergent word detection (g-index threshold = 25, time slice = 1 year). Keyword clustering labels were extracted by the LLR algorithm, and disciplinary crossover strength was measured by mediating centrality (Betweenness centrality ≥ 0.1) [20]. The logical growth analysis of the postings, etc. was statistically analyzed using Office Excel 2016 software. Finally, the obtained 594 English literature articles were visualized, analyzed, and mapped by VOSviewer 1.6.20, CiteSpace 6.2.R4 and Origin 2021, and Office PowerPoint 2016 software.

3. Results and Analyses

3.1. Analysis of Publication Characteristics and Frequency of Article Citations

To analyze the research posture regarding the timing of publication in carbon sequestration studies within forest and grassland systems, a statistical analysis was conducted on the 594 relevant literature entries to identify publication trends and citation frequencies, as illustrated in Figure 2. The data presented in Figure 2a indicate that research activity in the field of carbon sequestration in forest and grassland was relatively low between 2010 and 2017, exemplified by only 24 articles being published in 2013, a period characterized by limited scientific investment and constrained research methodologies. However, from 2018 to 2021, the number of publications steadily increased to approximately 50 articles, with an average annual growth rate of about 10%, attributed to advancements in technology and supportive policy initiatives. In the past three years, growth has accelerated significantly, with an average annual growth rate exceeding 20%. It is anticipated that the average annual number of articles will surpass 70 from 2022 to 2024, driven by the global ecological significance and urgent demand for enhanced carbon sequestration and emission reduction strategies. Regarding citation frequency, as shown in Figure 2b, the highest total citation frequency occurred in 2012, with 1994 citations. Notably, the seminal work by Hafner, S. et al. [21] has been cited over 200 times, and 14 articles have received more than 50 citations, underscoring the continued influence of this research due to its robust theoretical foundation. The second highest citation year was 2018, with a total of 1686 citations, where the highly cited paper by De Stefano, A. et al. [22], titled ‘Soil carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems: a meta-analysis’, emerged as the most frequently cited work of that year. Additionally, the proportion of the highly cited literature (cited more than 50 times) reached 23.25%, highlighting the prominence of cutting-edge research and the rapid dissemination of new findings. The emergence and rapid dissemination of new results are attributed to frequent academic exchanges, which strongly promote the in-depth development of research.

3.2. Analysis of Issuing Authors and Institutions

Based on a review of the 594 literature sources on carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems, the authors’ covariance network was mapped using VOSviewer 1.6.20 software, as illustrated in Figure 3.
More than 400 scholars and researchers worldwide are engaged in this field, including prominent figures such as Nath, Arun Jyoti, Alam, Badre, Ajit, and others who collaborate closely. As depicted in Figure 3, the major contributing authors are categorized into three collaborative groups. The first group comprises the ten highest contributing authors, including Rizvi, R. H. and Handa, A. K. The second group includes the next ten authors with the highest publication counts, such as Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Dhirender, and Masoodi, T. H. The third group features Nath, Arun Jyoti, Dhirender, Arun Jyoti, Das, Ashesh Kumar, and four other scholars with fewer publications. The authors depicted in the figure represent those with a close degree of connection and a relatively high number of publications. The mapping reveals a complex network of connectivity among these authors, indicating collaboration in the study of carbon sequestration technology within forest and grass systems. The involvement of numerous authors highlights the multidimensional and interdisciplinary nature of this research, suggesting that scholars from diverse backgrounds can investigate forest–grass carbon sequestration technology from various ecological, soil science, meteorological, and other disciplinary perspectives.
Figure 4 illustrates the co-linear network mapping of authors engaged in research on carbon sequestration technology in forest and grass systems, created using VOSviewer 1.6.20 software. The size of each node’s label corresponds to the number of articles published by the respective country, indicating both the volume of contributions and the significance of each country’s involvement in this research area. As depicted in Figure 4, the countries contributing to carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems span 42 nations globally, including notable contributors such as China, the United States, India, Kenya, Mexico, and the United Kingdom (encompassing Wales, England, and Scotland). The figure categorizes these contributing countries into five groups: the top 10 countries with the highest publication counts, which include China, the United States, India, and Australia; 24 countries with relatively substantial contributions, such as Australia, the United Kingdom, and France (split into two groups); and 8 countries with fewer publications, including Italy, Japan, and Ethiopia (also divided into two groups). Furthermore, the map highlights the collaboration among authors from various countries, suggesting that research on carbon sequestration technology in forest and grass systems has evolved into a global concern. This extensive international cooperation indicates that researchers from different nations are sharing knowledge, technology, and data to foster further advancements in this field.
Table 1 presents the top ten contributors and issuing institutions based on the number of publications. As indicated in the table, A. K. Handa, Amit Kumar, and Mesele Negash are the leading authors in the field, each having published more than six papers, with their combined output representing 3.70% of the total publications in this area. A. K. Handa began his research around the same time as the development of this study, publishing his first academic paper on carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems in 2011. Amit Kumar, recognized as a rising star in the field this year, has entered the top three in publication rankings within just four years. Collectively, the top ten researchers contribute to 9.60% of the total publications in the field, representing nearly one-tenth of the research output and making significant contributions to its advancement. Regarding major contributing institutions, two of the top three are Chinese research institutes: the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, with 49 and 13 articles, respectively. Together, these institutions account for 10.45% of the total articles in this field, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences having the longest research history, commencing in 2010. Among the top ten institutions, China and France emerge as the leading countries in terms of publication volume, while Addis Ababa University is noted as one of the institutions with the shortest history in carbon sequestration research within forest and grass systems.

3.3. Signature Analysis of Issuing Journals

An analysis of journals that publish articles on carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems can enhance our understanding of the literature sources and the influence of these journals in the field. The top ten journals, ranked by the number of articles published between 2010 and 2024, exhibit distinct characteristics, as detailed in Table 2. Agroforestry Systems leads with 48 articles, representing 8.08% of the total, and it has an impact factor of 2.0; it is published by Springer Netherlands and is classified in the JCR division Q2. Forests follows with 38 articles, accounting for 6.4%, and it boasts an impact factor of 2.4; it is published by MDPI and classified in the JCR partition Q1. Ecosystems ranks third with 34 articles, comprising 5.72% of the total, and it has an impact factor of 3.4; it is published by Springer US and also falls under JCR partition Q2. Journals published by Elsevier Publishing House constitute a significant portion (50.0%) of the list, including titles such as Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment and Geoderma. The impact factors of these journals range from 2.36 to 6.0, with most classified in JCR Q1, indicating a high level of academic quality and influence. These journals provide a vital platform for academic communication in the research of carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems.

3.4. Analysis of Research Directions

The research directions of carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems from 2010 to 2024 were statistically screened and summarized to provide insights into the current research landscape in this field, with the results of the statistical analysis presented in Figure 5. It is evident that the relevant research spans multiple disciplines during this period. Notably, the field of ‘Environmental Sciences & Ecology’ constituted the largest share of articles, accounting for 28.4%, underscoring its significant role in carbon sequestration research within forest and grassland systems. The field of ‘Agriculture’ represented 27.1%, marking it as another critical area of study. Together, ‘Environmental Sciences & Ecology’ and ‘Agriculture’ comprised over 50.0% of the total articles, establishing them as the two most closely related and vital research directions in the investigation of carbon sequestration in these ecosystems. Additionally, ‘Forestry’ accounted for 17.6% of the total publications, serving as a core component of forest and grassland systems and demonstrating a wealth of related research. Other fields, including ‘Geology’, ‘Water Resources’, ‘Plant Sciences’, and ‘Science and Technology—Other Topics’, contributed 6.7%, 4.5%, 3.8%, and 6.4%, respectively. This distribution illustrates the broad scope of research in carbon sequestration within forest and grassland systems, highlighting the pronounced interdisciplinary characteristics. Moving forward, as our understanding of ecosystem functions deepens, it is anticipated that research will increasingly integrate multiple disciplines and will comprehensively address various factors, thereby enhancing our ability to respond to the challenges and opportunities of carbon sequestration in forest and grassland systems amid global climate change.

3.5. Research Hotspots and Frontier Analyses

3.5.1. Keyword Co-Occurrence Analysis

VOSviewer 1.6.20 software was utilized to analyze keywords related to carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems from 2010 to 2024 through ‘Overlay Visualization’. The keyword co-occurrence network mapping was employed to illustrate the relationships among the keywords, with the results presented in Figure 6. Notably, the keyword ‘Sequestration’ occupies a central position, underscoring its significance in this research area. The keywords ‘Biomass’, ‘Storage’, and ‘Management’ are closely associated with it, indicating that research on carbon storage in forest and grassland ecosystems is a primary focus of carbon sequestration studies. Additionally, keywords such as ‘Forest’, ‘Soil Carbon’, and ‘Land-Use’ frequently appear, highlighting the emphasis on forest ecosystems, the soil carbon cycle, and the impact of land use changes on carbon sequestration in these systems. Furthermore, the terms ‘Climate Change’, ‘Productivity’, and ‘Biodiversity’ are linked to carbon sequestration, suggesting that research in this field not only addresses carbon sequestration in forests and grasses but also explores its relationship with climate change, ecosystem productivity, and biodiversity. The co-occurrence of these keywords reveals the multidimensional characteristics and interconnections inherent in research on carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems.
The keywords clustering and timely area maps generated using CiteSpace 5.6.R3 software, as illustrated in Figure 7, effectively depict the evolution of keywords associated with carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems from 2010 to 2024. Analyzing keyword co-occurrence reveals that terms such as ‘Forest’, ‘Soil Organic Matter’, and ‘Biomass’ frequently appear, indicating their centrality to the study and their interrelatedness. In terms of keyword clustering, several distinct clusters emerged. In 2010, the keywords ‘#0 ferralsol’, ‘#4 forest ecosystem’, and ‘#6 agroforestry’ were the most prevalent, exhibiting a high frequency of occurrence. Although ‘#5 machine learning’ and ‘#7 soil organic matter’ also featured prominently, their occurrences were relatively lower, suggesting a trend towards integrating carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems with new technologies. In 2011, the keywords ‘#0 ferralsol’, ‘#1 simulation’, and ‘#3 ferralsol’ continued to be clustered together. By 2012, ‘#0 ferralsol’ persisted, while the keywords ‘#2 ethiopia’, ‘#4 forest ecosystem’, and ‘#5 machine learning’ re-emerged after a one-year interval, indicating a burgeoning interest in research related to ferroalumina and forest ecosystems. From 2013 to 2016, only ‘#0 ferralsol’ and ‘#2 ethiopia’ maintained a high frequency of attention, while ‘#1 simulation’, ‘#3 ferralsol’, and ‘#4 forest ecosystem’ received comparatively less focus, suggesting that simulation methods and studies of the Ethiopian regions were gradually gaining prominence during this period. Between 2017 and 2019, ‘#8 grassland’ emerged as a significant cluster, with related keywords such as ‘shrub encroachment’, ‘carbon pool’, and ‘ecosystem service’, reflecting the evolving research landscape concerning greenhouse gases and carbon sequestration in agroforestry. Between 2020 and 2024, research on carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems primarily revolves around six keyword clusters, including ‘#0 ferralsol’ and ‘#5 machine learning’. The keywords ‘#0 ferralsol’ and ‘#4 forest ecosystem’ consistently represent significant research directions throughout this period, highlighting the ongoing relevance of soil organic matter and grassland in carbon sequestration studies.
Figure 8 illustrates the annual evolution trend of the top 10 keywords with the highest frequency in carbon sequestration research within forest and grass systems from 2010 to 2024. As shown in the figure, in 2010, the keywords ‘Sequestration’ (6 occurrences) and ‘Forest’ (6 occurrences) were relatively prominent, indicating the focus of early research. Between 2012 and 2014, the keywords ‘Biomass’ and ‘Soil organic carbon’ emerged with increased frequency, reflecting the growing interest in biomass and soil-organic-carbon-related studies. From 2016 to 2018, the keywords ‘Agroforestry’ and ‘Carbon stock’ saw a rise in frequency, suggesting a growing popularity of research in agroforestry and carbon stock. In the period from 2020 to 2022, the frequency of ‘Forest’ significantly increased, reaching 31 occurrences in 2022 and 32 occurrences in 2024, indicating that forests are becoming increasingly prominent in carbon sequestration research within forest and grassland systems. Concurrently, the frequency of ‘Carbon stock’ also remained high during 2022–2024, with 25, 23, and 24 occurrences, respectively, continuing to draw attention. Overall, the frequency of each keyword exhibits dynamic changes over time, reflecting shifts in research hotspots and the evolution of focus areas in carbon sequestration research across different stages in forest and grassland systems.

3.5.2. Keywords Popping Up

Table 3 presents the details of the top 21 most cited keywords in carbon sequestration research within forest and grass systems from 2010 to 2024. As illustrated in the table, the keywords ‘Carbon Sequestration’, ‘Land Use Change’, and ‘Soil Carbon’ exhibited significant mutations in 2010, with intensities of 2.3369, 4.4524, and 3.2672, respectively. These strong mutations persisted until 2014–2016, indicating that research on elements related to carbon sequestration in forests and grasslands was a focal point during this period. From 2011 to 2012, keywords such as ‘Australia’, ‘Conservation’, and ‘Cultivation’ also experienced notable mutations, with intensities ranging from 2.0464 to 3.2399, and these strong mutations generally concluded in 2014–2016, reflecting the prominence of research in these related fields at that time. In 2017–2018, the keywords ‘Tree Biomass’, ‘Pool’, and ‘Restoration’ demonstrated strong mutations, with intensities of 3.27, 2.6148, and 3.0714, respectively; these strong mutations extended until 2018–2021, highlighting the growing interest in biomass, carbon pools, and ecological restoration. Between 2018 and 2022, the keywords ‘Sivopastoral System’ and ‘Density’ showed pronounced increases. In 2020–2021, ‘Organic’ and ‘Carbon’ exhibited a strong mutation intensity of 4.4067, while ‘Microbial Community’ experienced significant mutation in 2022–2024. The fluctuations in the intensity of these keywords reflect the shifting hotspots and the evolving focus of carbon sequestration research in forest and grassland systems over different time periods.

4. Discussion

In the context of global warming, forest and grass ecosystems play a crucial role in terrestrial ecosystems by sequestering significant amounts of carbon and reducing emissions, thereby mitigating climate change. The findings of this research can inform the development of scientific strategies for ecological protection and restoration, enhancing the carbon sink capacity of these ecosystems. This enhancement is vital for maintaining ecological balance, achieving carbon neutrality goals, and promoting sustainable development [23,24]. This study clearly delineates the multidimensional characteristics of carbon sequestration research within forest and grass systems. The analysis of research directions reveals a notable trend towards multidisciplinary integration, with environmental science increasingly intertwined with ecology, agriculture, forestry, and other fields. This reflects the complexity and comprehensiveness inherent in carbon sequestration research. Furthermore, the keyword analysis identifies key research hotspots such as ‘sequestration’, ‘biomass’, and ‘soil carbon’. These keywords were consistently utilized throughout the research process, highlighting the dynamic evolution of research interests over time.
This study aligns with previous research in terms of perspectives and methodologies. Earlier studies [25,26] predominantly emphasized the crucial role of forest and grassland systems in the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems, a finding that is further corroborated by this research. The keyword co-occurrence analysis reveals that the terms ‘Forest’, ‘Grassland’, and ‘Soil Carbon’ frequently appear, underscoring that these elements are central to the research focus, consistent with established knowledge regarding the primary carbon sequestration agents in forest and grassland ecosystems [27]. Additionally, there is a consensus on the significance of multidisciplinary integration in studying carbon sequestration within these systems. Previous investigations have encompassed ecology [28], soil science [29], meteorology [30], and other synergistic disciplines, highlighting the cross-disciplinary nature of environmental science, ecology, agriculture, and forestry. This further supports the notion that multidisciplinary integration is a vital approach for advancing this field. In terms of research perspectives and temporal scope, prior studies have primarily examined forest and grass carbon sequestration phenomena from a macro-level perspective over extended periods [31,32]. In contrast, this study specifically focuses on the period from 2010 to 2024, providing an in-depth analysis of research hotspots and trends, thereby capturing shifts in research focus more accurately. For instance, the annual trend analysis of keywords illustrates the fluctuations in their prominence over different years. Furthermore, the methodologies and depth of analysis also differ. In this study, bibliometric analyses were conducted using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software, resulting in the creation of various knowledge maps that facilitate a visual interpretation of the literature. This approach is more intuitive and systematic compared to traditional literature review methods. The keyword clustering analysis identified clusters of specific research directions, such as ‘Ferralsol’ and ‘Simulation’. This in-depth analysis, which has been less explored in previous studies, offers more detailed research directions for subsequent investigations [14].
This study, however, has several limitations. For instance, the literature search is constrained by the scope of database inclusion and the search strategy employed, which may have overlooked significant documents and impacted the comprehensiveness of the conclusions drawn. Additionally, the keyword analysis struggled to capture emerging low-frequency terminology, making it challenging to identify cutting-edge directions in the field. Furthermore, the analysis of the cooperation network among authors and institutions only reveals superficial relationships, failing to delve deeper into the mechanisms of resource sharing and knowledge flow. Finally, by synthesizing the main conclusions of this study with comprehensive analyses of prior research, future investigations into carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems can be conducted more thoroughly in the following key areas: (1) expanding data sources and analytical methods by integrating various types of scientific research data, such as experimental and monitoring data, while employing more advanced text mining and data analysis algorithms to enhance the accuracy and depth of research and (2) maintaining a continuous focus on emerging research domains, particularly given the rapid advancements in science and technology, which present significant opportunities for interdisciplinary research between new technologies such as artificial intelligence and genetic engineering and carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems. The active exploration of research opportunities in these areas may uncover novel carbon sequestration mechanisms and technologies. To enhance the analysis of the cooperation network among authors and institutions, it is essential to establish an effective collaboration platform that facilitates the optimal allocation of scientific research resources on a global scale. This approach will foster multidisciplinary and cross-regional collaborative innovation. Furthermore, it is crucial to closely align research efforts with the context of global climate change by conducting long-term and dynamic studies on carbon sequestration in forest and grassland systems. Such studies should aim to quantify how these ecosystems respond to climate change, thereby providing robust support for the development of scientifically sound carbon emission reduction policies and ecological protection strategies. By leveraging more comprehensive data sources, adopting diverse research perspectives, conducting in-depth investigations of underlying mechanisms, and fostering broader cross-regional cooperation, along with closer interdisciplinary collaboration, we anticipate a deeper understanding of carbon sequestration processes in forest and grassland ecosystems. This, in turn, will promote significant advancements in this research area and will contribute positively to the enhancement of the global ecological environment and the response to climate change.

5. Conclusions

This study employs bibliometric methods, utilizing CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to visualize and analyze 594 relevant publications in the field of carbon sequestration within forest and grass systems from 2010 to 2024. The primary conclusions of the study are as follows: the annual publication rate has consistently increased, aligning with the theory of logical growth, with the last three years witnessing a significant surge in publication numbers compared to historical data. The years 2012, 2018, and 2013 exhibited the highest citation frequencies for articles. Over 400 researchers and research institutions across 42 countries are actively engaged in this field, with notable contributions from scholars such as Ajit and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), who have demonstrated a high volume and centrality of publications. The journal Agroforestry Systems, published by Springer Netherlands, has the highest number of reissues and serves as a critical platform for advancing the field. ‘Environmental Sciences & Ecology’ and ‘Agriculture’ represent the two most closely related and significant research directions concerning carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems. In terms of keyword co-occurrence, ‘Sequestration’ occupies a central position, with closely related keywords including ‘Biomass’ and ‘Storage’. The focus of research has gradually transitioned from a singular emphasis on ‘carbon storage in forest and grassland’ to a broader focus on ‘climate change and biodiversity’. In keyword clustering, ‘#0 ferralsol’ and ‘#4 forest ecosystem’ have consistently emerged as important research directions throughout the study period. Additionally, in keyword emergence, research related to carbon sequestration in forests and grasses has progressively concentrated on ‘biomass, carbon pools, and ecological restoration’. Future research on carbon sequestration in forest and grassland systems should increasingly emphasize emerging areas of study, including the intersection of artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and other novel technologies with carbon sequestration. Additionally, it is essential to investigate long-term and dynamic carbon sequestration processes in these ecosystems, particularly in relation to the broader context of global climate change.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Q.M.; investigation: Q.M., B.M., Z.L., Y.Z., W.Z. and M.B.; writing—original draft: X.W.; data curation: X.W., Q.M., B.M., Z.L., Y.Z., W.Z. and M.B.; visualization: X.W., Q.M., B.M., Z.L., Y.Z., W.Z. and M.B.; writing—review & editing: X.W. and Q.M.; funding acquisition: X.W. and Q.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFD2201105), Gansu Provincial Key Research and Development Program (24YFFA040), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.32160410), Gansu Provincial Forestry and Grassland Bureau Innovation Project for Desert Control (2023-ZS-01).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Data retrieval process.
Figure 1. Data retrieval process.
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Figure 2. Characteristics of the number of publications and frequency of citations. (a) is the number of articles published and the cumulative number of articles on carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems and (b) is the citation frequency and the logical growth trend of related articles.
Figure 2. Characteristics of the number of publications and frequency of citations. (a) is the number of articles published and the cumulative number of articles on carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems and (b) is the citation frequency and the logical growth trend of related articles.
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Atmosphere 16 00474 g003
Figure 3. Study on carbon sequestration in forest and grassland systems: contributors co-occurrence analysis, 2010–2024.
Figure 3. Study on carbon sequestration in forest and grassland systems: contributors co-occurrence analysis, 2010–2024.
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Atmosphere 16 00474 g004
Figure 4. Co-occurrence analysis of major countries that have published research on carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems, 2010–2024.
Figure 4. Co-occurrence analysis of major countries that have published research on carbon sequestration in forest and grass systems, 2010–2024.
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Figure 5. Top 10 research directions for carbon sequestration in forest and grassland systems, 2010–2024.
Figure 5. Top 10 research directions for carbon sequestration in forest and grassland systems, 2010–2024.
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Figure 6. Keyword overlay visualization network diagram for carbon sequestration research in forest and grass Systems, 2010–2024.
Figure 6. Keyword overlay visualization network diagram for carbon sequestration research in forest and grass Systems, 2010–2024.
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Figure 7. Keyword clustering and emergence time zones for carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems, 2010–2024.
Figure 7. Keyword clustering and emergence time zones for carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems, 2010–2024.
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Atmosphere 16 00474 g008
Figure 8. Annual evolution of the top 10 most frequent keywords for carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems, 2010–2024.
Figure 8. Annual evolution of the top 10 most frequent keywords for carbon sequestration research in forest and grass systems, 2010–2024.
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Table 1. Top 10 contributors and organizations in terms of publications.
Table 1. Top 10 contributors and organizations in terms of publications.
RankAuthorsTime of FirstRankInstitutions (Countries)Time of First
1A. K. Handa20111Chinese Acad Sci (China)2010
2Amit Kumar20202Univ Chinese Acad Sci (China)2017
3Mesele Negash20153Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar Univ Hort and Forestry (India)2018
4Ajit20114Univ Montpellier (France)2018
5Edward W. Bork20185CIRAD (France)2013
6Vimala D. Nair20106Hawassa Univ (Ethiopia)2015
7Cameron N. Carlyle20187AgResearch (New Zealand)2012
8P. K. Ramachandran Nair20108Addis Ababa Univ (Ethiopia)2019
9Scott X. Chang20189Colorado State Univ (USA)2014
10Dhirender Kumar202210Beijing Normal Univ (China)2013
Table 2. Top 10 journals in terms of publications.
Table 2. Top 10 journals in terms of publications.
RankSource Journal TitleAmount of LiteraturePercentage/%IFPublishersJCR Partitions
1Agroforestry Systems488.082.0Springer NetherlandsQ2
2Forests386.42.4MDPIQ1
3Ecosystems345.723.4Springer USQ2
4Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment294.886.0ElsevierQ1
5Geoderma264.385.6ElsevierQ1
6Forest Ecology and Management254.213.7ElsevierQ1
7Catena203.375.4ElsevierQ1
8Current Science142.361.1Indian Academy of ScienceQ3
9Land Degradation & Development142.363.6John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Q2
10Science of the Total Environment142.368.2ElsevierQ1
Note: Real-time impact factors are for 2023 data.
Table 3. Top 21 keywords with the strongest citation bursts.
Table 3. Top 21 keywords with the strongest citation bursts.
KeywordsYearStrengthBeginEnd2010–2024
Carbon sequestration20102.336920102014Atmosphere 16 00474 i001
Land use change20104.452420102016Atmosphere 16 00474 i002
Soil carbon20103.267220102014Atmosphere 16 00474 i003
Australia20102.406420112016Atmosphere 16 00474 i004
Conservation20102.67120122014Atmosphere 16 00474 i005
Cultivation20103.239920122016Atmosphere 16 00474 i006
Intercropping system20102.965220122018Atmosphere 16 00474 i007
Vegetation20102.520820132014Atmosphere 16 00474 i008
Tillage20102.448920132014Atmosphere 16 00474 i009
Deforestation20102.784620152016Atmosphere 16 00474 i010
Theobroma cacao20102.528920162019Atmosphere 16 00474 i011
Plantation20102.663120172019Atmosphere 16 00474 i012
Tree bioma20103.2720172018Atmosphere 16 00474 i013
Pool20102.614820182019Atmosphere 16 00474 i014
Restoration20103.071420182021Atmosphere 16 00474 i015
Sink20102.694920182019Atmosphere 16 00474 i016
Silvopastoral system20102.356220182022Atmosphere 16 00474 i017
Density20103.018120192020Atmosphere 16 00474 i018
Loess plateau20102.359420192022Atmosphere 16 00474 i019
Organic carbon20104.406720202021Atmosphere 16 00474 i020
Microbial community20102.348420222024Atmosphere 16 00474 i021
Note: The red bands in the table indicate the years when the keywords were first highlighted and finally emerged, as well as their duration. The blue band indicates that no keywords emerged throughout the entire time span.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Ma, Q.; Wang, X.; Mo, B.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Zong, W.; Bai, M. Knowledge Map-Based Analysis of Carbon Sequestration Research Dynamics in Forest and Grass Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis. Atmosphere 2025, 16, 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040474

AMA Style

Ma Q, Wang X, Mo B, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zong W, Bai M. Knowledge Map-Based Analysis of Carbon Sequestration Research Dynamics in Forest and Grass Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis. Atmosphere. 2025; 16(4):474. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040474

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ma, Quanlin, Xinyou Wang, Baoru Mo, Zaiguo Liu, Yangjun Zhang, Wenzheng Zong, and Meiting Bai. 2025. "Knowledge Map-Based Analysis of Carbon Sequestration Research Dynamics in Forest and Grass Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis" Atmosphere 16, no. 4: 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040474

APA Style

Ma, Q., Wang, X., Mo, B., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Zong, W., & Bai, M. (2025). Knowledge Map-Based Analysis of Carbon Sequestration Research Dynamics in Forest and Grass Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis. Atmosphere, 16(4), 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040474

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