Connecting Global Modes of Variability to Climate in High Mountain Asia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Importance of High Mountain Asia
1.2. Previous Studies on MoVs and HMA
1.3. The Simultaneous Investigation of Multiple MoVs and Climate Variables in HMA
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Modes of Variability
2.2. Region of Focus
2.3. MERRA-2
2.4. Correlation Tests
3. Results
3.1. Correlating Modes of Climate Variability with Geopotential Height (z250)
3.2. Correlating Modes of Climate Variability with Temperature (T2M)
3.3. Correlating Modes of Climate Variability with Precipitation (PRECTOT)
3.4. Correlating Modes of Climate Variability with Fractional Snow Cover Area (fSCA)
3.5. Time-Lagged Cross-Correlation of MoVs with Climate Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications of Evident Correlations between MoVs and Climate in HMA
4.2. Connecting Results to Previous Findings and Underlying Physical Mechanisms
4.3. Potential Sources of Predictability
4.4. Caveats of the Current Study
5. Conclusions
5.1. Summary of Results for Individual Climate Variables
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- MoVs and Temperature:
- -
- MoVs and Precipitation:
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- MoVs and Snow cover:
5.2. Summary of Results for Individual MoVs
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- Arctic Oscillation (AO):
- -
- North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO):
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- Eurasian teleconnection:
- -
- Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD):
- -
- El Niño Southern Oscillation (Nino34):
5.3. Closing Thoughts
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abbreviation | Name |
---|---|
MoV | Mode of Variability |
HMA | High Mountain Asia |
AO | Arctic Oscillation |
Eurasian | Eurasian Teleconnection |
IOD | Indian Ocean Dipole |
NAO | North Atlantic Oscillation |
Nino34 | El Niño Southern Oscillation |
z250 | Geopotential Height at 250 hPa |
T2M | 2 m Air Temperature |
PRECTOT | Total Precipitation |
fSCA | Fractional Snow Cover Area |
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Massoud, E.C.; Lim, Y.-K.; Andrews, L.C.; Girotto, M. Connecting Global Modes of Variability to Climate in High Mountain Asia. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15020142
Massoud EC, Lim Y-K, Andrews LC, Girotto M. Connecting Global Modes of Variability to Climate in High Mountain Asia. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(2):142. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15020142
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassoud, Elias C., Young-Kwon Lim, Lauren C. Andrews, and Manuela Girotto. 2024. "Connecting Global Modes of Variability to Climate in High Mountain Asia" Atmosphere 15, no. 2: 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15020142