The Effect of Greening Layout on Microclimate in Urban Residential Areas in Hot Summer–Cold Winter Zones
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Field Measurement Sites and Method
Test Parameter | Instrument Model [46] | Range | Accuracy | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature/Relative humidity | ApresysTM temperature and humidity self-recording label | −20~60 °C 0% RH~99% RH | 0.1 °C 0.1% | |
Wind speed | WFWZY-1 universal wind speed and temperature recorder | 0~20 m/s | 0.01 m/s | |
Black bulb temperature | HQZY-1 black bulb thermometer | −20 °C~+80 °C | 0.1 °C |
2.2. Model Setup
2.2.1. Model Framework and Parameter Setting
- Soil and ground;
- 2.
- Vegetation;
- 3.
- Wall and roof;
2.2.2. Model Initialization
2.3. Simulation Scenarios
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Changes of Thermal Parameters for Various Greening Layouts
3.2. Effect of Greening Design under Different Building Layouts
3.2.1. Determinant Layout
3.2.2. Enclosed Layout
4. Conclusions
5. Limitations and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Unit | Natural Soil |
---|---|---|
Water content at saturation | m3 (Water)/m3 (Soil) | 0.45 |
Water content at field capacity | m3 (Water)/m3 (Soil) | 0.24 |
Water content at wilting point | m3 (Water)/m3 (Soil) | 0.155 |
Matrix potential | m | −0.478 |
Hydraulic conductivity | m/s·10−6 | 7 |
Volumetric heat capacity | J/(m3·K)·106 | 1.88 |
Clapp & Hornberger constant | / | 5.39 |
Heat conductivity | W/m·K | 0.7838 |
Ground Type | Thickness (m) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Roughness (mm) | Reflectivity | Emissivity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural soil | 4.5 | 0.7838 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.94 |
Concrete | 0.1 | 1.05 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.94 |
Granite | 0.1 | 3.49 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.85 |
Wave | 1 | 0.599 | 1 | 0 | 0.95 |
Lawn | Shrub | Arbor | |
---|---|---|---|
Transmissivity | 0.35 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Emissivity | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
Height (m) | 0.5 | 1 | 7 |
LAD = 1/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.159 |
LAD = 2/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.23 |
LAD = 3/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.334 |
LAD = 4/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.482 |
LAD = 5/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.671 |
LAD = 6/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.848 |
LAD = 7/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.878 |
LAD = 8/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.827 |
LAD = 9/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.626 |
LAD = 10/10 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 0.075 |
Type | Roof | Wall |
---|---|---|
Thickness (m) | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Absorptivity | 0.5 | 0.7 |
Transmittance | 0 | 0 |
Reflectivity | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Emissivity | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Specific heat capacity (J/kg·K) | 1300 | 1050 |
Thermal conductivity (W/m·K) | 0.84 | 0.81 |
Density (kg/m3) | 1900 | 1800 |
Roughness (m) | 0.02 | 0.02 |
The Simplified ENVI-Met Model | |
---|---|
Location | 29.72 N 106.63 E |
Climate | Hot summer-cold winter |
Grid cell | dx = 2 m, dy = 2 m, dz = 3 m |
Grid north | 22.5 |
Grid space for determinant layout | 102 × 129 × 30 |
Grid space for enclosed layout | 106 × 131 × 30 |
Distance between buildings | 18 m |
Buildings height | 12 m |
Reference points height | 1.5 m |
City | Air Temperature (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) | Wind Speed (m/s) | Solar Radiation Intensity (W/m2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | Range | Average | Range | Average | Range | Average | Max. (Time) | |
Chongqing | 31.1 | 25.9–37.0 | 67.5 | 41.4–91.4 | 1.35 | 0.3–2.7 | 362.5 | 13:00 |
Greening Layout | Air Temperature | Relative Humidity | Wind Speed | Black Globe Temperature | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Value (°C) | Variance | Mean Value (%) | Variance | Mean Value (m/s) | Variance | Mean Value (°C) | Variance | |
Single lawn | 35.6 | 23.66 | 49.3 | 181.31 | 0.62 | 0.16 | 36.9 | 45.67 |
Arbor-grass mix | 33.4 | 8.65 | 53.0 | 68.32 | 0.41 | 0.10 | 34.8 | 20.55 |
Shrub-grass mix | 34.7 | 15.48 | 47.7 | 234.21 | 0.58 | 0.22 | 36.4 | 40.86 |
Arbor-shrub-grass mix | 33.5 | 10.74 | 52.6 | 167.60 | 0.49 | 0.16 | 35.3 | 28.14 |
Asphalt ground | 36.5 | 47.68 | 47.9 | 234.29 | 0.45 | 0.17 | 37.8 | 64.79 |
Case | Tmrt | PET | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Center | Asphalt | Center | Asphalt | |
C1 | 51.1 | 62.5 | 44.5 | 49.2 |
C2 | 64.4 | 65.4 | 52.7 | 49.2 |
C3 | 64.1 | 65.5 | 52.3 | 49.2 |
C4 | 61.0 | 62.2 | 48.6 | 49.2 |
D1 | 51.0 | 62.6 | 44.4 | 49.2 |
D2 | 61.4 | 62.6 | 49.4 | 49.2 |
D3 | 61.3 | 62.6 | 49.2 | 49.2 |
D4 | 61.0 | 62.3 | 48.6 | 49.2 |
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Lu, F.; Gao, Y.; Jiang, L.; Chen, Y.; Hao, Z. The Effect of Greening Layout on Microclimate in Urban Residential Areas in Hot Summer–Cold Winter Zones. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121824
Lu F, Gao Y, Jiang L, Chen Y, Hao Z. The Effect of Greening Layout on Microclimate in Urban Residential Areas in Hot Summer–Cold Winter Zones. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(12):1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121824
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Fangqi, Yafeng Gao, Lina Jiang, Yangyang Chen, and Zhongyu Hao. 2023. "The Effect of Greening Layout on Microclimate in Urban Residential Areas in Hot Summer–Cold Winter Zones" Atmosphere 14, no. 12: 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14121824