Understanding the El Niño Southern Oscillation Effect on Cut-Off Lows as Simulated in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Data and Analysis Procedures
3. Results
3.1. ERA5
3.1.1. Northern Hemisphere
3.1.2. Southern Hemisphere
3.2. CMIP6 Models
3.2.1. Global SST Bias
3.2.2. Northern Hemisphere
3.2.3. Southern Hemisphere
4. Summary and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model Name | Model Expansion | Institution | Atmospheric Resolution | No. of Ensembles | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizontal | Vertical | AMIP | Historical | |||
ACCESS-CM2 | Australian Community | Centre for Australian Weather | N96 | 85 | 3 | 1 (1) |
Climate | ||||||
and Earth System Simulator | and Climate Research | (192 × 144) | ||||
(ACCESS) with U.K. Met Office | (CAWCR), Australia | |||||
Global Atmosphere (GA) | ||||||
ACCESS-ESM1-5 | ACCESS with HadGEM2 | N96 | 38 | 3 | 3 (3) | |
(version 1.1) | (192 × 144) | |||||
BCC-CSM2-MR | Beijing Climate Center (BCC) | BCC, China | T106 | 46 | 3 | 1 (1) |
Climate System Model version 2, | (320 × 160) | |||||
medium resolution | ||||||
IPSL-CM6A-LR | L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace | IPSL, France | N96 (144 × 143) | 79 | 9 | 10 (10) |
(IPSL) Coupled Model, version 5, | (320 × 160) | |||||
coupled with the Nucleus for | ||||||
MIROC6 | Model for Interdisciplinary | MIROC, Japan | T85 | 81 | 10 | 9 (9) |
Research on Climate (MIROC), | (256 × 128) | |||||
version 6 | ||||||
MIROC-ES2L | MIROC Earth System | T42 | 40 | 3 | 3 (3) | |
(version 2) Long-term | (128 × 64) | |||||
simulations | ||||||
MRI-ESM2-0 | Meteorological Research Institute | MRI, Japan | TL159 | 80 | 3 | 5 (3) |
(MRI) Earth System Model, | (320 × 160) | |||||
version 2.0 | ||||||
NorESM2-LM | Norwegian Earth System Model, | Norwegian Climate Centre | 144 × 96 | 32 | 1 | 2 (1) |
version 2, medium resolution | (NCC), Norway |
Period | Northern Hemisphere | Southern Hemisphere | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Niño | Niña | Niño | Niña | |
DJF | 0.0 (0.0) | 9.8 (11.2) | −8.9 (−6.1) | 9.9 (6.8) |
MAM | −13.3 (−10.9) | 6.0 (4.9) | −7.0 (−5.4) | −7.7 (−5.9) |
JJA | −8.0 (−4.0) | 4.5 (2.2) | −8.8 (−12.9) | 0.2 (0.2) |
SON | −12.0 (−7.2) | −8.5 (−5.1) | −14.0 (−15.0) | −2.3 (−2.4) |
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Pinheiro, H.R.; Ambrizzi, T.; Hodges, K.I.; Gan, M.A. Understanding the El Niño Southern Oscillation Effect on Cut-Off Lows as Simulated in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081167
Pinheiro HR, Ambrizzi T, Hodges KI, Gan MA. Understanding the El Niño Southern Oscillation Effect on Cut-Off Lows as Simulated in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(8):1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081167
Chicago/Turabian StylePinheiro, Henri R., Tercio Ambrizzi, Kevin I. Hodges, and Manoel A. Gan. 2022. "Understanding the El Niño Southern Oscillation Effect on Cut-Off Lows as Simulated in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments" Atmosphere 13, no. 8: 1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081167
APA StylePinheiro, H. R., Ambrizzi, T., Hodges, K. I., & Gan, M. A. (2022). Understanding the El Niño Southern Oscillation Effect on Cut-Off Lows as Simulated in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments. Atmosphere, 13(8), 1167. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081167