Cadmium and Cadmium/BDE (47 or 209) Exposure Affect Mitochondrial Function, DNA Damage/Repair Mechanisms and Barrier Integrity in Airway Epithelial Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Solutions
2.2. A549 Cell Cultures and Exposure
2.3. Cell Proliferation Assay
2.4. Detection of Intracellular ROS
2.5. Detection of JC-1 Mitochondrial Membrane Potential to Assess Mitochondrial Function
2.6. Cell Apoptosis
2.7. DNA Damage Analysis
2.8. Measurement of TJ Integrity by TEER
2.9. Total Protein Extraction
2.10. Western Blot Analyses
2.11. Western Blot Antibodies
2.12. Gel Images Evaluation
2.13. Immunofluorescence for γH2AX Foci Formation
2.14. RNA Isolation and Quantitative RT-PCR (ZO-1, Claudin-1 and E-Cadherin-1)
2.15. Morphological Evaluation
2.16. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cytotoxic Effects of CdCl2 and CdCl2/BDE Mixtures in Submerged Culture of A549 Cells
3.2. Effect of CdCl2 Treatment on ROS Production and Mitochondrial Injury in Submerged Culture of A549 Cells
3.3. Effects of CdCl2 and CdCl2/BDE Mixtures on ROS Production, Mitochondrial Injury and Apoptosis in A549 Cells
3.4. Effect of CdCl2 and CdCl2/BDE Mixtures on DNA Damage/Repair Mechanisms in A549 Cells
3.5. Cytotoxic Effects and NOX-4, Nrf2 and TFAM Protein Expression in ALI Culture of A549 Cells Exposed to CdCl2 and CdCl2/BDE Mixtures
3.6. TEER and ZO-1, Claudin-1 and E-Cadherin mRNA and Protein Expression in ALI Culture of A549 Cells Exposed to CdCl2 and CdCl2/BDE Mixtures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
CdCl2 | (Cadmium Chloride) |
BDEs | (Brominated Diphenyl Ether flame-retardants) |
ALI | (Air–Liquid Interface) |
ROS | (Reactive Oxygen Species) |
ZO-1 | (Zonula Occludens-1) |
NAPDH | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate |
NOX4 | (NADPH oxidase 4) |
TFAM | (Transcription Factor A, Mitochondrial) |
Nrf2 | (Nuclear factor erythroid 2–Related Factor 2) |
TEER | (Trans epithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance) |
DMSO | (Dimethyl sulfoxide) |
DCFH-DA | (2, 7- dichloro-difluorescein diacetate) |
EDTA | (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) |
BCA | (bicinchoninic acid) |
SDS | (sodium dodecyl sulfate) |
PAGE | (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) |
A.D.U. | (arbitrary densitometric units) |
H2AX | (H2A histone family member X) |
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A549 Cells | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Frequency Classes Lenght (μm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 = 0 - 20 | ||||||
0 | 117 | 32 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 = 21 - 40 |
CdCl2 | 95 | 27 | 21 | 7 | 0 | 3 = 41 - 60 |
CdCl2 + BDE 47 | 81 | 29 | 21 | 19 | 0 | 4 = 61 - 80 |
CdCl2 + BDE 209 | 69 | 27 | 24 | 28 | 2 | 5 = 81 - 100 |
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Albano, G.D.; Bonanno, A.; Montalbano, A.M.; Di Sano, C.; Anzalone, G.; Gagliardo, R.; Ruggieri, S.; Profita, M. Cadmium and Cadmium/BDE (47 or 209) Exposure Affect Mitochondrial Function, DNA Damage/Repair Mechanisms and Barrier Integrity in Airway Epithelial Cells. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020201
Albano GD, Bonanno A, Montalbano AM, Di Sano C, Anzalone G, Gagliardo R, Ruggieri S, Profita M. Cadmium and Cadmium/BDE (47 or 209) Exposure Affect Mitochondrial Function, DNA Damage/Repair Mechanisms and Barrier Integrity in Airway Epithelial Cells. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(2):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020201
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlbano, Giusy Daniela, Anna Bonanno, Angela Marina Montalbano, Caterina Di Sano, Giulia Anzalone, Rosalia Gagliardo, Silvia Ruggieri, and Mirella Profita. 2022. "Cadmium and Cadmium/BDE (47 or 209) Exposure Affect Mitochondrial Function, DNA Damage/Repair Mechanisms and Barrier Integrity in Airway Epithelial Cells" Atmosphere 13, no. 2: 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020201