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Article

Comparative Numerical Study of PM2.5 in Exit-and-Entrance Areas Associated with Transboundary Transport over China, Japan, and Korea

by
Cheol-Hee Kim
1,*,
Fan Meng
2,*,
Mizuo Kajino
3,
Jaehyun Lim
4,*,
Wei Tang
2,
Jong-Jae Lee
5,
Yusuke Kiriyama
6,
Jung-Hun Woo
7,
Keiichi Sato
6,
Toshihiro Kitada
8,
Hiroaki Minoura
6,
Jiyoung Kim
4,
Kyoung-Bin Lee
9,
Soona Roh
4,
Hyun-Young Jo
10 and
Yu-Jin Jo
1
1
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
2
Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing 100012, China
3
Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tsukuba 305-0052, Japan
4
Climate & Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 404170, Korea
5
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan 44919, Korea
6
Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP), Niigata 950-2144, Japan
7
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
8
Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
9
Emission Inventory Management Team, National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center, Osong 28166, Korea
10
Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2021, 12(4), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040469
Submission received: 7 March 2021 / Revised: 29 March 2021 / Accepted: 2 April 2021 / Published: 8 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerosol Pollution in Asia)
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Abstract

We report the results of year-long PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter) simulations over Northeast Asia for the base year of 2013 under the framework of the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project. LTP is a tripartite project launched by China, Japan, and Korea for cooperative monitoring and modeling of the long-range transport (LRT) of air pollutants. In the modeling aspect in the LTP project, each country’s modeling group employs its own original air quality model and options. The three regional air quality models employed by the modeling groups are WRF-CAMx, NHM-RAQM2, and WRF-CMAQ. PM2.5 concentrations were simulated in remote exit-and-entrance areas associated with the LRT process over China, Japan, and Korea. The results showed apparent bias that remains unexplored due to a series of uncertainties from emission estimates and inherent model limitations. The simulated PM10 levels at seven remote exit-and-entrance sites were underestimated with the normalized mean bias of 0.4 ± 0.2. Among the four chemical components of PM2.5 (SO42−, NO3−, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC)), the largest inter-model variability was in OC, with the second largest discrepancy in NO3−. Our simulation results also indicated that under considerable SO42− levels, favorable environments for ammonium nitrate formation were found in exit-and-entrance areas between China and Korea, and gas-aerosol partitioning for semi-volatile species of ammonium nitrate could be fully achieved prior to arrival at the entrance areas. Other chemical characteristics, including NO3−/SO42− and OC/EC ratios, are discussed to diagnose the LRT characteristics of PM2.5 in exit-and-entrance areas associated with transboundary transport over China, Japan, and Korea.
Keywords: model intercomparison; transboundary air pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP); PM2.5 simulation; Northeast Asia model intercomparison; transboundary air pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP); PM2.5 simulation; Northeast Asia

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, C.-H.; Meng, F.; Kajino, M.; Lim, J.; Tang, W.; Lee, J.-J.; Kiriyama, Y.; Woo, J.-H.; Sato, K.; Kitada, T.; et al. Comparative Numerical Study of PM2.5 in Exit-and-Entrance Areas Associated with Transboundary Transport over China, Japan, and Korea. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040469

AMA Style

Kim C-H, Meng F, Kajino M, Lim J, Tang W, Lee J-J, Kiriyama Y, Woo J-H, Sato K, Kitada T, et al. Comparative Numerical Study of PM2.5 in Exit-and-Entrance Areas Associated with Transboundary Transport over China, Japan, and Korea. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(4):469. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040469

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Cheol-Hee, Fan Meng, Mizuo Kajino, Jaehyun Lim, Wei Tang, Jong-Jae Lee, Yusuke Kiriyama, Jung-Hun Woo, Keiichi Sato, Toshihiro Kitada, and et al. 2021. "Comparative Numerical Study of PM2.5 in Exit-and-Entrance Areas Associated with Transboundary Transport over China, Japan, and Korea" Atmosphere 12, no. 4: 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040469

APA Style

Kim, C.-H., Meng, F., Kajino, M., Lim, J., Tang, W., Lee, J.-J., Kiriyama, Y., Woo, J.-H., Sato, K., Kitada, T., Minoura, H., Kim, J., Lee, K.-B., Roh, S., Jo, H.-Y., & Jo, Y.-J. (2021). Comparative Numerical Study of PM2.5 in Exit-and-Entrance Areas Associated with Transboundary Transport over China, Japan, and Korea. Atmosphere, 12(4), 469. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040469

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