Possible Associations between Space Weather and the Incidence of Stroke
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Environmental Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sex/Groups | Total | SAH | ICH | HS (SAH + ICH) | IS | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All, n (%) | 9277 (100.0/100.0) | 597 (6.4) | 1147 (12.4) | 1744 (18.8) | 7482 (80.7) | 51 (0.5) |
Men, n (%) | 5230 (56.4/100.0) | 281 (5.3) | 631 (12.1) | 912 (17.4) | 4294 (82.1) | 24 (0.5) |
Women, n (%) | 4047 (43.6/100.0) | 316 (7.8) | 516 (12.7) | 832 (20.5) | 3188 (78.8) | 27 (0.7) |
Variable | N | SAH | ICH | HS | IS | All Types |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
The effects of geomagnetic activity level defined by the Ap index | ||||||
Ap = 0 | 49 | 0.12 (0.3) | 0.33 (0.5) | 0.45 (0.6) | 1.04 (0.9) | 1.49 (1.0) |
0 < Ap < 30 | 8346 | 0.06 (0.3) | 0.12 (0.4) | 0.19 (0.4) | 0.82 (0.9) | 1.01 (1.0) |
Minor GS (30 ≤ Ap < 50) | 504 | 0.05 (0.2) | 0.13 (0.4) | 0.19 (0.4) | 0.83 (0.9) | 1.02 (1.0) |
Major GS (50 ≤ Ap < 100) | 186 | 0.08 (0.3) | 0.15 (0.4) | 0.23 (0.5) | 0.86 (0.9) | 1.09 (1.0) |
Severe GS (Ap ≥ 100) | 46 | 0.17 (0.4) | 0.17 (0.4) | 0.35 (0.5) | 0.78 (0.9) | 1.13 (1.1) |
p | 0.023 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.485 | 0.015 | |
The effects of GS, defined by 3-h Kp index (days of Ap = 0 excluded) | ||||||
All 3-h Kp < 5 | 8359 | 0.07 (0.3) | 0.13 (0.4) | 0.19 (0.4) | 0.82 (0.9) | 1.02 (1.0) |
Minor GS * (Kp = 5) | 1103 | 0.06 (0.3) | 0.12 (0.3) | 0.18 (0.4) | 0.82 (0.9) | 1.01 (1.0) |
Moderate GS * (Kp = 6) | 450 | 0.05 (0.3) | 0.13 (0.4) | 0.18 (0.4) | 0.82 (0.9) | 0.99 (1.0) |
Strong/severe GS * (Kp ≥ 7) | 273 | 0.10 (0.3) | 0.14 (0.4) | 0.23 (0.5) | 0.86 (1.0) | 1.09 (1.1) |
p | 0.108 | ns | 0.273 | ns | ns | |
The effects of the maximum of SPE | ||||||
Other days | 9090 | 0.07 (0.3) | 0.13 (0.4) | 0.19 (0.4) | 0.82 (0.9) | 1.02 (1.0) |
Strong event (1000–9999 pfu) | 31 | 0.10 (0.3) | 0.19 (0.4) | 0.29 (0.4) | 0.84 (0.9) | 1.13 (1.1) |
Severe event (≥10,000 pfu) | 10 | 0 | 0.40 (0.5) | 0.40 (0.4) | 0.70 (0.9) | 1.10 (1.0) |
p | ns | 0.039 | 0.151 | ns | ns | |
The effects of the X-class solar flare | ||||||
X ≥ 9.0 lag 0–1 ** | 34 | 0.03 (0.2) | 0.15 (0.4) | 0.18 (0.4) | 1.21 (1.12) | 1.38 (1.2) |
Other days | 9048 | 0.07 (0.3) | 0.12 (0.4) | 0.19 (0.4) | 0.82 (0.9) | 1.01 (1.0) |
p | 0.426 | ns | ns | 0.013 | 0.034 |
Model | Variable | RR (95% CI) | p | RR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subarachnoid hemorrhages | Haemorrhagic stroke | ||||
I | Ap = 0 | 1.88 (0.81–4.34) | 0.142 | 2.33 (1.50–3.61) | <0.001 |
50 ≤ Ap < 100 | 1.17 (0.68–2.00) | ns | 1.26 (0.92–1.71) | 0.152 | |
Ap ≥ 100 | 2.75 (1.35–5.59) | 0.005 | 2.04 (1.24–3.35) | 0.005 | |
II | Strong/severe GS, defined by daily Kp | 1.58 * (1.07–2.35) | 0.023 | 1.30 * (1.01–1.68) | 0.041 |
III | Kp = 6 at 06:00–09:00 UT | 1.21 * (0.60–2.45) | ns | ||
Kp ≥ 7 at 06:00–09:00 UT | 2.65 * (1.49–4.72) | 0.001 | |||
IV | Extreme GMA (Ap = 0 or Ap ≥ 100) | 2.30 (1.33–3.96) | 0.003 | ||
Intracerebral hemorrhages | |||||
V | Ap = 0 | 2.51 (1.50–4.20) | <0.001 | ||
30 ≤ Ap < 50 | 1.13 (0.88–1.45) | 0.359 | |||
50≤ Ap < 100 | 1.34 (0.89–1.92) | 0.168 | |||
Ap ≥ 100 | 1.63 (0.81–3.29) | 0.173 | |||
VI | Kp ≥ 6 at 15:00–21:00 UT | 1.42 * (1.07–1.89) | 0.016 | ||
VII | Days of the maximum of strong SPE | 1.67 * (0.74–3.77) | 0.214 | ||
Days of the maximum of severe SPE | 3.33 * (1.23–9.01) | 0.018 | |||
VIII | Ap = 0 | 2.51 (1.50–4.21) | <0.001 | ||
Days of the maximum of severe SPE | 2.62 (0.95–7.27) | 0.064 | |||
Kp ≥ 6 at 15:00–21:00 UT | 1.36 (1.02–1.83) | 0.039 | |||
IX | Days of the maximum of SPE ** | 1.71 * (0.99–2.98) | 0.056 | ||
X | 1 day after of the maximum of SPE ** | 2.07 * (1.24–3.47) | 0.006 | ||
XI | 2 day after of the maximum of SPE ** | 1.51 * (0.83–2.76) | 0.173 | ||
XII | Ap = 0 | 2.33 (1.50–3.61) | <0.001 | ||
Ap ≥ 100 | 1.77 (1.05–2.98) | 0.031 | |||
1 day after of the maximum of SPE ** | 1.81 (1.06–3.10) | 0.030 |
Variable | RR ♦ (95% CI) | p | RR ♦ (95% CI) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ischemic stroke | All strokes | ||||
I | Ap = 0 | 1.36 (1.03–1.81) | 0.032 | 1.56 (1.23–1.98) | <0.001 |
Kp ≥ 6 at 06:00–09:00 UT | 1.17 (1.00–1.36) | 0.047 | 1.18 (1.03–1.36) | 0.016 | |
II | Kp ≥ 5 at 06:00–09:00 UT and 09:00–12:00 UT | 1.14 * (1.01–1.29) | 0.042 | 1.15 * (1.02–1.28) | 0.019 |
III | X ≥ 9 lag 0–1 ** | 1.41 * (1.03–1.92) | 0.032 | 1.34 * (1.00–1.79) | 0.048 |
IV | Ap = 0 | 1.36 (1.03–1.81) | 0.032 | 1.56 (1.23–1.98) | <0.001 |
Kp ≥ 5 at 06:00–09:00 UT and 09:00–12:00 UT | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | 0.051 | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 0.023 | |
X ≥ 9 lag 0–1 ** | 1.39 (1.02–1.89) | 0.040 | 1.32 (0.99–1.77) | 0.060 | |
V | Ap = 0 | 1.36 (1.03–1.81) | 0.033 | 1.56 (1.23–1.98) | <0.001 |
Kp ≥ 5 at 06:00–09:00 UT and 09:00–12:00 UT | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | 0.058 | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 0.025 | |
X ≥ 9 lag 0–1 ** and Ap ≥ 30 lag 1–2 | 1.76 (1.18–2.62) | 0.006 | 1.60 (1.09–2.35) | 0.015 |
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Vencloviene, J.; Radisauskas, R.; Tamosiunas, A.; Luksiene, D.; Sileikiene, L.; Milinaviciene, E.; Rastenyte, D. Possible Associations between Space Weather and the Incidence of Stroke. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030334
Vencloviene J, Radisauskas R, Tamosiunas A, Luksiene D, Sileikiene L, Milinaviciene E, Rastenyte D. Possible Associations between Space Weather and the Incidence of Stroke. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(3):334. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030334
Chicago/Turabian StyleVencloviene, Jone, Ricardas Radisauskas, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Dalia Luksiene, Lolita Sileikiene, Egle Milinaviciene, and Daiva Rastenyte. 2021. "Possible Associations between Space Weather and the Incidence of Stroke" Atmosphere 12, no. 3: 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030334