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Volume 12
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10.3390/atmos12030307
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Article

Effects of the Tibetan High and the North Pacific High on the Occurrence of Hot or Cool Summers in Japan

by
Makoto Inoue
1,*,
Atsushi Ugajin
2,†,
Osamu Kiguchi
1,
Yousuke Yamashita
3,
Masashi Komine
4 and
Shuji Yamakawa
5
1
Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
2
Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
3
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
4
Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
5
College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Current address: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.
Atmosphere 2021, 12(3), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030307
Submission received: 19 January 2021 / Revised: 19 February 2021 / Accepted: 23 February 2021 / Published: 26 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extreme Weather Events and Geo-Climatic Hazards Under a Changing Climate)
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Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effects of the Tibetan High near the tropopause and the North Pacific High in the troposphere on occurrences of hot or cool summers in Japan. We first classified Japan into six regions and identified hot and cool summer years in these regions from a 38-year sample (1980–2017) based on the monthly air temperature. To investigate the features of circulation fields over Asia during hot and cool summers in Japan, we calculated the composite differences (hot summer years minus cool summer years) of several variables such as geopotential height, which indicated significant high-pressure anomalies in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. These results suggest that both the North Pacific and the Tibetan Highs tend to extend to Japan during hot summer years, while cool summers seem to be associated with the weakening of these highs. We found that extension of the Tibetan High to the Japanese mainland can lead to hot summers in Northern, Eastern, and Western Japan. On the other hand, hot summers in the Southwestern Islands may be due to extension of the Tibetan High to the south. Similarly, the latitudinal direction of extension of the North Pacific High is profoundly connected with the summer climate in respective regions.
Keywords: hot summer; cool summer; Tibetan High; North Pacific High; statistical analysis hot summer; cool summer; Tibetan High; North Pacific High; statistical analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Inoue, M.; Ugajin, A.; Kiguchi, O.; Yamashita, Y.; Komine, M.; Yamakawa, S. Effects of the Tibetan High and the North Pacific High on the Occurrence of Hot or Cool Summers in Japan. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030307

AMA Style

Inoue M, Ugajin A, Kiguchi O, Yamashita Y, Komine M, Yamakawa S. Effects of the Tibetan High and the North Pacific High on the Occurrence of Hot or Cool Summers in Japan. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(3):307. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030307

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inoue, Makoto, Atsushi Ugajin, Osamu Kiguchi, Yousuke Yamashita, Masashi Komine, and Shuji Yamakawa. 2021. "Effects of the Tibetan High and the North Pacific High on the Occurrence of Hot or Cool Summers in Japan" Atmosphere 12, no. 3: 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030307

APA Style

Inoue, M., Ugajin, A., Kiguchi, O., Yamashita, Y., Komine, M., & Yamakawa, S. (2021). Effects of the Tibetan High and the North Pacific High on the Occurrence of Hot or Cool Summers in Japan. Atmosphere, 12(3), 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030307

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