Blowin’ in the Wind: Wind Dispersal Ability of Phytopathogenic Fusarium in a Wind Tunnel Experiment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cultivation of the Fungal Isolates
2.2. Construction of the Wind Tunnel Experiment
2.3. Comparison of the Spore Concentration on the Plates
2.4. Comparison of Spore Concentration before and after the Wind Tunnel
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spore Dispersal in the Wind Tunnel
3.1.1. Controls in the Wind Tunnel
3.1.2. Fusarium Strains in the Wind Tunnel
3.2. Correlation of Time, Abiotic Parameters, and cfu
3.3. Comparison of the Spore Concentration Distribution on the Plates
3.4. Comparison of Spore Concentration before and after the Wind Tunnel
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Species | Time in wt (min) | Before wtt (×105 Conidiospores mL−1) | After wtt (×105 Conidiospores mL−1) | Percentage Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
F. graminearum | 15 | 0.31 | 0.13 | −60 |
0.94 | 0.80 | −15 | ||
0.20 | 0.50 | 146 | ||
0.77 | 0.83 | 8 | ||
1.78 | 0.19 | −89 | ||
2.55 | 0.67 | −74 | ||
0.75 | 1.04 | 39 | ||
0.46 | 0.29 | −37 | ||
2.68 | 0.29 | −89 | ||
30 | 2.00 | 3.21 | 61 | |
0.09 | 0.51 | 467 | ||
0.56 | 2.20 | 293 | ||
0.05 | 0.06 | 20 | ||
1.33 | 0.28 | −79 | ||
0.80 | 0.44 | −45 | ||
1.64 | 0.30 | −82 | ||
0.02 | 0.09 | 350 | ||
0.33 | 0.09 | −73 | ||
60 | 3.56 | 1.15 | −68 | |
0.75 | 1.25 | 67 | ||
1.00 | 0.71 | −29 | ||
0.05 | 0.14 | 180 | ||
1.72 | 2.33 | 35 | ||
- | 0.55 | − | ||
1.51 | 0.92 | −39 | ||
0.81 | 0.86 | 6 | ||
0.87 | 0.55 | −37 | ||
120 | 0.43 | 0.39 | −9 | |
0.04 | 0.17 | 325 | ||
0.06 | 0.03 | −50 | ||
0.44 | 0.27 | −39 | ||
0.53 | 0.75 | 41 | ||
1.03 | 0.88 | −15 | ||
0.11 | 0.11 | 0 | ||
0.63 | 0.36 | −43 | ||
0.50 | 0.08 | −84 | ||
F. sporotrichioides | 15 | 5.12 | 5.75 | 12 |
4.43 | 7.06 | 59 | ||
5.03 | 6.15 | 22 | ||
4.81 | 6.37 | 32 | ||
7.18 | 6.50 | −9 | ||
10.25 | 7.43 | −28 | ||
8.69 | 6.72 | −23 | ||
8.66 | 8.38 | −3 | ||
9.09 | 9.56 | 5 | ||
30 | 4.78 | 5.71 | 19 | |
5.78 | 4.75 | −18 | ||
9.03 | 6.50 | −28 | ||
7.41 | 7.88 | 6 | ||
6.16 | 9.18 | 49 | ||
9.28 | 6.76 | −27 | ||
7.50 | 9.78 | 30 | ||
9.59 | 8.81 | −8 | ||
8.03 | 6.84 | −15 | ||
60 | 6.62 | 6.56 | −1 | |
7.43 | − | − | ||
10.31 | 3.34 | −68 | ||
6.21 | 7.56 | 22 | ||
6.21 | 7.91 | 27 | ||
7.59 | 6.34 | −16 | ||
7.34 | 5.63 | −23 | ||
6.22 | 6.34 | 2 | ||
7.44 | 5.69 | −24 | ||
120 | 8.81 | 6.81 | −23 | |
7.72 | 5.59 | −28 | ||
8.91 | 7.38 | −17 | ||
7.41 | 6.22 | −16 | ||
7.72 | 6.44 | −17 | ||
6.94 | 7.50 | 8 | ||
6.03 | 5.19 | −14 | ||
12.84 | 4.97 | −61 | ||
9.50 | 9.72 | 2 |
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Species | Half 1 (×105 Conidiospores mL−1) | Half 2 (×105 Conidiospores mL−1) | Mean (×105 Conidiospores mL−1) | Percentage Variation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
F. culmorum | 16.38 | 10.81 | 13.59 | −34 |
15.16 | 16.03 | 15.59 | 6 | |
18.25 | 18.25 | 18.25 | 0 | |
14.09 | 12.88 | 13.48 | −9 | |
16.66 | 10.34 | 13.50 | −38 | |
F. graminearum | 0.41 | 0.52 | 0.46 | 27 |
0.56 | 1.16 | 0.86 | 106 | |
0.67 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 49 | |
0.92 | 0.63 | 0.77 | −32 | |
1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 0 | |
F. sporotrichioides | 13.75 | 15.94 | 14.85 | 16 |
15.87 | 17.25 | 16.56 | 9 | |
14.84 | 12.25 | 13.55 | −17 | |
11.87 | 11.03 | 11.45 | −7 | |
15.44 | 12.25 | 13.85 | −21 |
Test | Species | Half | Total | Mean | Min | Max | Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
test 3.3 comparing spore concentration on plate | F. culmorum | 1 | 5 | 16.108 | 14.09 | 18.25 | n.s. |
F. culmorum | 2 | 5 | 13.662 | 10.34 | 18.25 | ||
F. graminearum | 1 | 5 | 0.784 | 0.41 | 1.36 | n.s. | |
F. graminearum | 2 | 5 | 0.932 | 0.52 | 1.36 | ||
F. sporotrichioides | 1 | 5 | 14.354 | 11.87 | 14.84 | n.s. | |
F. sporotrichioides | 2 | 5 | 13.744 | 11.03 | 12.25 | ||
test 3.4 spore concentration after wtt | F. graminearum | 1 | 35 | 0.841 | 0.02 | 0.75 | n.s. |
F. graminearum | 2 | 36 | 0.690 | 0.03 | 0.47 | ||
F. sporotrichioides | 1 | 36 | 7.558 | 4.43 | 7.46 | n.s. | |
F. sporotrichioides | 2 | 35 | 6.838 | 3.34 | 6.56 |
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Hoffmann, A.; Funk, R.; Müller, M.E.H. Blowin’ in the Wind: Wind Dispersal Ability of Phytopathogenic Fusarium in a Wind Tunnel Experiment. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121653
Hoffmann A, Funk R, Müller MEH. Blowin’ in the Wind: Wind Dispersal Ability of Phytopathogenic Fusarium in a Wind Tunnel Experiment. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(12):1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121653
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoffmann, Annika, Roger Funk, and Marina E. H. Müller. 2021. "Blowin’ in the Wind: Wind Dispersal Ability of Phytopathogenic Fusarium in a Wind Tunnel Experiment" Atmosphere 12, no. 12: 1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121653