Effects of Rock Powder Additions to Cattle Slurry on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Slurry Collection, Treatments, and Site
2.2. Emission Measurement Design
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Gaseous Emissions
3.1.1. NH3 Emissions
3.1.2. CH4 Emissions
3.1.3. N2O Emissions
3.1.4. CO2 Emissions
3.2. Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions
3.3. Slurry Physicochemical Properties
4. Discussion
4.1. NH3 Emissions
4.2. CH4, CO2, and N2O Emissions
4.3. Physicochemical Properties
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Major Elements in wt% | Trace Elements in ppm | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Particle Size (μm) | pH | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | P2O5 | SO3 | Cu | Zn | Mn | |
Biolit | 10% < 2.3 90% < 79.4 | 9.9 | 57.07 | 14.59 | 8.01 | 3.99 | 3.00 | 3.86 | 2.91 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 20 | 83 | 1059 |
Eifelgold | 10% < 2.3 90% < 77.7 | 10 | 43.37 | 14.36 | 11.22 | 9.06 | 11.06 | 3.16 | 3.38 | 0.51 | 0.21 | 52 | 78 | 1433 |
Minerals | Biolit | Eifelgold |
---|---|---|
Quartz | 18.97 | - |
K feldspar | 13.37 | 9.17 |
Plagioclase | 43.50 | 13.81 |
Amphibole | 2.14 | - |
Pyroxene | - | 44.59 |
Olivine | - | 7.46 |
Leucite | - | 10.63 |
Illite/Muscovite | 8.74 | 3.45 |
Chlorite | 10.55 | - |
Iron oxides | - | 10.89 |
Titanium oxides | 2.73 | - |
Treatment | Gaseous Emissions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NH3 | CO2 | CH4 | N2O | Total GHG | |
mg L−1 | mg L−1 | mg L−1 | mg L−1 | mg L−1 | |
Control | 217.47 (12.34) | 408.42b (12.97) | 106.37c (14.19) | 0.615a (0.091) | 2831.79c (113.06) |
Biolit | 217.99 (4.045) | 397.12b (9.940) | 164.28b (15.44) | 0.465b (0.226) | 3390.35b (159.20) |
Eifelgold | 231.83 (7.666) | 445.86a (8.820) | 326.46a (22.01) | 0.302b (0.080) | 7395.28a (243.49) |
Before Trial | After Trial | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Eifelgold | Biolit | ||
Dry residue (%) | 7.5 | 7.4 | 12.2 | 11.8 |
Water content (%) | 92.5 | 92.7 | 87.8 | 88.2 |
pH | 7 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.5 |
Organic matter (kg/cbm) | 56.3 | 50.1 | 48.6 | 48.1 |
Total N (kg/m³) | 3.32 | 2.15 | 2.56 | 2.25 |
NH4-N (kg/m³) | 1.75 | 0.56 | 0.87 | 0.712 |
P2O5 (kg/m³) | 1.28 | 1.45 | 1.68 | 1.59 |
K2O (kg/m³) | 3.93 | 4.49 | 6.12 | 4.57 |
MgO (kg/m³) | 0.77 | 0.89 | 3.16 | 2.67 |
CaO (kg/m³) | 1.5 | 1.73 | 3.52 | 2.98 |
S (kg/m³) | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.422 | 0.411 |
Cu (g m³) | 1.78 | 2.08 | 4.43 | 2.89 |
Zn (g/m³) | 9.83 | 11.5 | 14.3 | 14.9 |
Na (g/m³) | 116 | 146 | 925 | 181 |
Mn (g/m³) | 16 | 19 | 67 | 66 |
C/N (kg/m³) | 9.8 | 13.5 | 11.0 | 12.4 |
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Swoboda, P.; Hamer, M.; Stotter, M.; Döring, T.F.; Trimborn, M. Effects of Rock Powder Additions to Cattle Slurry on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1652. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121652
Swoboda P, Hamer M, Stotter M, Döring TF, Trimborn M. Effects of Rock Powder Additions to Cattle Slurry on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(12):1652. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121652
Chicago/Turabian StyleSwoboda, Philipp, Martin Hamer, Michael Stotter, Thomas F. Döring, and Manfred Trimborn. 2021. "Effects of Rock Powder Additions to Cattle Slurry on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" Atmosphere 12, no. 12: 1652. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121652