Impact of Vehicle Fleet Modernization on the Traffic-Originated Air Pollution in an Urban Area—A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results—Emission Abatement Scenarios
3.1. The Nitrogen Oxide Pollution
3.2. Carbon Monoxide
3.3. The Particulate Matter
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- EC. Urban Air Pollution–What Are the Main Sources across the World? 2015. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/what-are-main-sources-urban-air-pollution (accessed on 20 November 2021).
- WHO. Database on Source Apportionment Studies for Particulate Matter in the Air (PM10 and PM2.5). 2015. Available online: https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/source_apport/en/ (accessed on 20 November 2021).
- EC; AAQD. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe. 2008. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/50/oj (accessed on 20 November 2021).
- EEA. Air Quality in Europe—2019 Report. EEA Report, No 10. 2019. Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2019 (accessed on 20 November 2021).
- WHO. Ambient (Outdoor) Air Pollution. 2018. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient- (accessed on 20 November 2021).
- Degraeuwe, B.; Pisoni, E.; Peduzzi, E.; De Meij, A.; Monforti-Ferrario, F.; Bodis, K.; Mascherpa, A.; Astorga-Llorens, M.; Thunis, P.; Vignati, E. Urban NO2 Atlas (EUR 29943 EN); Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- EC. Air Quality: Traffic Measures Could Effectively Reduce NO2 Concentrations by 40% in Cities. 2019. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/air-quality-traffic-measures-could-effectively-reduce-no2-concentrations-40-europe-s-cities (accessed on 20 November 2021).
- Berkowicz, R.; Winther, M.; Ketzel, M. Traffic pollution modelling and emission data. Environ. Model. Softw. 2016, 21, 454–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buchholz, S.; Krein, A.; Junk, J.; Heinemann, G.; Hoffmann, L. Simulation of Urban-Scale Air Pollution Patterns in Luxembourg: Contributing Sources and Emission Scenarios. Environ. Model. Assess. 2013, 18, 271–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calori, G.; Clemente, M.; De Maria, R.; Finardi, S.; Lollobrigida, F.; Tinarelli, G. Air quality integrated modelling in Turin urban area. Environ. Model. Softw. 2006, 21, 468–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mediavilla-Sahagún, A.; ApSimon, H.M. Urban scale integrated assessment for London: Which emission reduction strategies are more effective in attaining prescribed PM10 air quality standards by 2005? Environ. Model. Softw. 2006, 21, 501–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rith, M.; Fillone, A.M.; Biona, J.B.M.M. Energy and environmental benefits and policy implications for private passenger vehicles in an emerging metropolis of Southern Asia–A case study of Metro Manila. Appl. Energy 2020, 275, 115240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pisoni, E.; Thunis, P.; Clappier, A. Application of the SHERPA source-receptor relationships, based on the EMEP MSC-W model, for the assessment of air quality policy scenarios. Atmos. Environ. X 2019, 4, 100047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thunis, P.; Degraeuwe, B.; Pisoni, E.; Ferrari, F.; Clappier, A. On the design and assessment of regional air quality plans: The SHERPA approach. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 183, 952–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Degraeuwe, B.; Thunis, P.; Clappier, A.; Weiss, M.; Lefebvre, W.; Janssen, S.; Vranckx, S. Impact of passenger car NOx emissions on urban NO2 pollution–Scenario analysis for 8 European cities. Atmos. Environ. 2017, 171, 330–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holnicki, P.; Kałuszko, A.; Nahorski, Z. Analysis of emission abatement scenario to improve urban air quality. Arch. Environ. Prot. 2021, 47, 103–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Available online: https://smoglab.pl/warszawa-ma-prawie-dwa-razy-wiecej-zarejestrowa-nych-pojazdow-na-km2-niz-krakow-wroclaw-i-berlin (accessed on 20 October 2019). (In Polish).
- Available online: https://www.auto-swiat.pl/wiadomosci/aktualnosci/czy-w-warszawie-naprawde-jest-wiecej-aut-niz-mieszkancow/4xqb44s (accessed on 20 September 2021). (In Polish).
- Kiesewetter, G.; Borken-Kleefeld, J.; Schöpp, W.; Heyes, C.; Thunis, P.; Bessagnet, B.; Terrenoire, E.; Gsella, A.; Amann, M. Modelling NO2 concentrations at the street level in the GAINS integrated assessment model: Projections under current legislation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 813–829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holnicki, P.; Tainio, M.; Kałuszko, A.; Nahorski, Z. Burden of mortality and disease attributable to multiple air pollutants in Warsaw, Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Available online: https://um.warszawa.pl/waw/rowery/-/pomiary-ruchu-rowerowego-2020-1 (accessed on 5 July 2021). (In Polish).
- Kwiatkowski, M.A.; Szymańska, D. Cycling policy in strategic documents of Polish cities. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2021, 23, 10357–10377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Available online: https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/wydarzenia-lokalne/warszawa-spadla-liczba-rejestracji-ale-rosnie-ilosc-samochodow-z-napedem-ekologicznym,252401 (accessed on 8 October 2020). (In Polish).
- Voivodship Inspectorate of Environment Protection. Report for the Year 2012. (WIOŚ 2012). Environment Quality in Mazovian Voivodship in the Year 2012. Available online: https://keep.eu/partners/6593/Voivodship-Inspectorate-of-EEN/ (accessed on 20 September 2021). (In Polish).
- Tainio, M.; de Nazelle, A.J.; Götschi, T.; Kahlmeier, S.; Rojas-Rueda, D.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J.; de Sá, T.H.; Kelly, P.; Woodcock, J. Can air pollution negate the health benefits of cycling and walking? Prev. Med. 2016, 87, 233–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zapata-Diomedi, B.; Knibbs, L.D.; Ware, R.S.; Heesch, K.C.; Tainio, M.; Woodcock, J.; Veerman, J.L. A shift from motorised travel to active transport: What are the potential health gains for an Australian city? PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0184799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Giallouros, G.; Kouis, P.; Papatheodorou, S.I.; Woodcock, J.; Tainio, M. The long-term impact of restricting cycling and walking during high air pollution days on all-cause mortality: Health impact Assessment study. Environ. Int. 2020, 140, 105679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tainio, M. Burden of disease caused by local transport in Warsaw, Poland. J. Transp. Health 2015, 2, 423–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Euro Standard | Distance [km×106] | Emis. Rate [g/km] | Emission [kg × 103] | Share [%] | Share | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GASOLINE | E0 | 789 | 2.5 | 1974 | 2% | 17,000 (19%) |
E1 | 15,789 | 0.45 | 7105 | 8% | ||
E2 | 24,737 | 0.25 | 6184 | 7% | ||
E3 | 11,579 | 0.15 | 1737 | 2% | ||
E4–E6 | 13,684 | 0.1 | 1368 | 2% | 1368 | |
emission | 18,368 | 21% | 18,368 | |||
DIESEL | E0 | 6316 | 0.66 | 4168 | 5% | 52,742 (59%) |
E1 | 25,789 | 0.73 | 18,826 | 22% | ||
E2 | 24,211 | 0.8 | 19,368 | 22% | ||
E3 | 11,579 | 0.83 | 96,11 | 11% | ||
E4–E6 | 26,316 | 0.65 | 17,105 | 20% | 17,105 | |
emission | 69,079 | 79% | 69,847 | |||
TOTAL | 87,447 | 100% |
Emission | PM10 | PM2.5 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[Mg/y] | [%] | [Mg/y] | [%] | ||
Primary | Combustion | 554 | 11.5 | 471 | 41 |
Abrasion | 308 | 6.5 | 104 | 9 | |
Re-suspended | 3910 | 81.9 | 566 | 50 | |
TOTAL | 4772 | 100 | 1141 | 100 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Holnicki, P.; Nahorski, Z.; Kałuszko, A. Impact of Vehicle Fleet Modernization on the Traffic-Originated Air Pollution in an Urban Area—A Case Study. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121581
Holnicki P, Nahorski Z, Kałuszko A. Impact of Vehicle Fleet Modernization on the Traffic-Originated Air Pollution in an Urban Area—A Case Study. Atmosphere. 2021; 12(12):1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121581
Chicago/Turabian StyleHolnicki, Piotr, Zbigniew Nahorski, and Andrzej Kałuszko. 2021. "Impact of Vehicle Fleet Modernization on the Traffic-Originated Air Pollution in an Urban Area—A Case Study" Atmosphere 12, no. 12: 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121581