Heavy Rainfall and Landslide Event in January 1831 at the Pedregoso Mountains (Cabeza Del Buey, SW Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Rainfall Data
3.1. Meteorological Data
3.2. Reports and Newspapers
“[...] It was about half past twelve on 21 January 1831 when a terrible noise, lasting two minutes, was heard; and an excessive amount of rain was falling at the same time. After that, an E-W oriented crevice appeared in the north face of the mountain slope, where the village is built. The fissure, 1.25 km long, smashed stones and walls of the surrounding farming lands. This crevice was 20–56 cm wide and has remained unchanged to date.In the southern slope of the same mountain a similar spectacular noise was heard at 9 in the morning. Those herdsmen, present at the time, saw the shaking of the whole mountain range in several directions, as if it was going to collapse; they also saw huge cracking stones, and other phenomena […].”
“Continuously rainy weather, the roads are impassable”. [Original text: “El tiempo de continuas lluvias, tal que están intransitables los caminos”.](17 January, 1831)
“The abundant and continuous rain from the last two months has made field works absolutely impossible for the conclusion of the sowing and for the olive harvest, which employs the most part of the infinite laborers that live in this village. Needy and hungry, as their families, they surprisingly met in groups at the houses of the property owners, being required the judicial authority intervention to calm the situation and to agree on how should the really needy people be helped. […] it was impossible to take such a great amount of needy people in the wealthy people houses. […] The weather is still changeable. There have been infinite misfortune events of drowned people at rivers and streams near this location, as well as herd, that were going to be sold in different points of the province. Many drivers have been stopped for five days”. [Original text: “Las abundantes continuas lluvias de dos meses a el presente han imposibilitado del todo los trabajos de campo, así para la conclusión de la sementera, como el de cogida de aceituna, cuya cosecha buena ocupaba infinitos jornaleros de que se compone el mayor número de vecinos de esta villa, necesitados y hambrientos como sus infelices familias, se reunieron en grupos abocándose y sorprendiendo las casas de varios hacendados, cuya ocurrencia y disgustos obligó a la autoridad judicial a poner remedio y acordar como habían de ser socorridos los verdaderamente necesitados. […] no siendo posible colocar el gran número de necesitados en las casas de los pudientes […] El tiempo sigue vario: Son infinitas las desgracias de personas ahogadas en las riveras o arroyos de estas inmediaciones, y también ganados de cerda, gordos que pasaban para su venta a distintos puntos de la provincia. Los conductores de valija han estado detenidos cinco días.”](24 January, 1831)
4. NAO Index and Synoptic Conditions
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Fowze, J.S.M.; Bergado, D.T.; Soralump, S.; Voottipreux, P.; Dechasakulsom, M. Rain-triggered landslide hazards and mitigation measures in Thailand: From research to practice. Geotext. Geomembr. 2012, 30, 50–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haque, U.; Da Silva, P.F.; Devoli, G.; Pilz, J.; Zhao, B.; Khaloua, A.; Wilopo, W.; Andersen, P.; Lu, P.; Lee, J.; et al. The human cost of global warming: Deadly landslides and their triggers (1995–2014). Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 682, 673–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gutiérrez-Martín, A.; Herrada, M.Á.; Yenes, J.I.; Castedo, R. Development and validation of the terrain stability model for assessing landslide instability during heavy rain infiltration. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2019, 19, 721–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hungr, O.; Leroueil, S.; Picarelli, L. The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update. Landslides 2014, 11, 167–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guzzetti, F.; Peruccacci, F.; Rossi, M.; Stark, C.P. Rainfall thresholds for the initiation of landslides in central and southern Europe. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 2007, 98, 239–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guzzetti, F.; Tonelli, G. Information system on hydrological and geomorphological catastrophes in Italy (SICI): A tool for managing landslide and flood hazards. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2004, 4, 213–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zêzere, J.L.; Pereira, S.; Tavares, A.O.; Bateira, C.; Trigo, R.M.; Quaresma, I.; Santos, P.; Santos, M.; Verde, J. DISASTER: A GIS database on hydro-geomorphologic disasters in Portugal. Nat. Hazards 2014, 72, 503–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agencia Estatal de Meteorología; Iberian Climate Atlas; Instituto de Meteorologia de Portugal: Madrid, Spain, 2011.
- Alfaro, P.; Delgado, J.; García-Tortosa, F.J.; Lenti, L.; López, J.A.; López-Casado, C.; Martino, S. Widespread landslides induced by the Mw 5.1 earthquake of 11 May 2011 in Lorca, SE Spain. Eng. Geol. 2012, 137–138, 40–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanzo, D.; Rotigliano, E.; Irigaray, C.; Jiménez-Perálvarez, J.; Chacón, J. Factors selection in landslide susceptibility modelling on large scale following the gis matrix method: Application to the river Beiro basin (Spain). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2012, 12, 327–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corominas, J.; Moya, J. Reconstructing recent landslide activity in relation to rainfall in the Llobregat River basin, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. Geomorphology 1999, 30, 79–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corominas, J.; Matas, G.; Ruiz-Carulla, R. Quantitative analysis of risk from fragmental rockfalls. Landslides 2019, 16, 5–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Remondo, J.; González, A.; Díaz de Terán, J.R.; Cendrero, A.; Fabbri, A.; Chung, C.-J.F. Validation of Landslide Susceptibility Maps; Examples and Applications from a Case Study in Northern Spain. Nat. Hazards 2003, 30, 437–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ceballos-Zúñiga Rodríguez, F.; Gamero Ceballos-Zúñiga, E.; Fresno López, F.E. Análisis integrado de riesgos naturales e inducidos de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura. In Dirección General de Urbanismo; Arquitectura y Ordenación del Territorio de la Junta de Extremadura: Mérida, España, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Trigo, R.M.; Varino, F.; Ramos, A.M.; Valente, M.A.; Zêzere, J.L.; Vaquero, J.M.; Gouveia, C.M.; Russo, A. The record precipitation and flood event in Iberia in December 1876: Description and synoptic analysis. Front. Earth Sci. 2014, 2, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Palacios, T.; Eguíluz, L.; Apalategui, O.; Jensen, S.; Martínez-Torres, L.; Carracedo, M.; Gil Ibarguchi, J.I.; Sarrioiandía, F.; Martí Mus, M. Mapa Geológico de Extremadura a escala 1:350.000; Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU): Bilbao, Spain, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Valverde Hernández, M.F. Mapa y Memoria Explicativa de la Hoja nr 806 (Cabeza del Buey) del Mapa Geomorfologico de España a escala 1:50 000; IGME: Madrid, Spain, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Kurz-Besson, C.B.; Lousada, J.L.; Gaspar, M.J.; Correia, I.E.; David, T.S.; Soares, P.M.; Cardoso, R.M.; Russo, A.; Varino, F.; Mériaux, C.; et al. Effects of recent minimum temperature and water deficit increases on Pinus pinaster radial growth and wood density in Southern Portugal. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oliveira, D.; Desprat, S.; Rodrigues, T.; Naughton, F.; Hodell, D.; Trigo, R.; Rufino, M.; Lopes, C.; Abrantes, F.; Goni, M.F.S. The complexity of millennial-scale variability in southwestern Europe during MIS 11. Quat. Res. 2016, 86, 373–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-López, G.; Hernández, A.; Pla-Rabès, S.; Trigo, R.M.; Toro, M.; Granados, I.; Sáez, A.; Masqué, P.; Pueyo, J.J.; Rubio-Inglés, M.J.; et al. Climate reconstruction for the last two millennia in central Iberia: The role of East Atlantic (EA), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and their interplay over the Iberian Peninsula. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2016, 149, 135–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oliva, M.; Ruiz-Fernández, J.; Barriendos, M.; Benito, G.; Cuadrat, J.M.; Domínguez-Castro, F.; García-Ruiz, J.M.; Giralt, S.; Gómez-Ortiz, A.; Hernández, A.; et al. The Little Ice Age in Iberian mountains. Earth Sci. Rev. 2018, 177, 175–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brázdil, R.; Pfister, C.; Wanner, H.; Von Storch, H.; Luterbacher, J. Historical climatology in Europe—The state of the art. Clim. Chang. 2005, 70, 363–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brázdil, R.; Dobrovolný, P.; Luterbacher, J.; Moberg, A.; Pfister, C.; Wheeler, D.; Zorita, E. European climate of the past 500 years: New challenges for historical climatology. Clim. Chang. 2010, 101, 7–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alcoforado, M.J.; Vaquero, J.M.; Trigo, R.M.; Taborda, J.P. Early Portuguese Meteorological Records (18th Century). Clim. Past 2012, 8, 353–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Domínguez-Castro, F.; Trigo, R.M.; Vaquero, J.M. The first meteorological measurements in the Iberian Peninsula. Clim. Chang. 2013, 118, 443–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Domínguez-Castro, F.; De Miguel, J.C.; Vaquero, J.M.; Gallego, M.C.; García-Herrera, R. Climatic potential of Islamic Chronicles in Iberia: Extreme droughts (AD 711-1010). Holocene 2014, 24, 370–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Domínguez-Castro, F.; Vaquero, J.M.; Rodrigo, F.S.; Farrona, A.M.M.; Gallego, M.C.; García-Herrera, R.; Barriendos, M.; Sanchez-Lorenzo, A. Early Spanish meteorological records (1750–1850). Int. J. Climatol. 2014, 34, 593–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández-Fernández, M.I.; Gallego, M.C.; Domínguez-Castro, F.; Trigo, R.M.; García, J.A.; Vaquero, J.M.; González, J.M.; Durán, J.C. The climate in Zafra from 1750 to 1840: History and description of weather observations. Clim. Chang. 2014, 126, 107–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wheeler, D. The Gibraltar climatic record: Part 2—precipitation. Weather 2007, 62, 99–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trigo, R.M.; Pozo-Vázquez, D.; Osborn, T.J.; Castro-Díez, Y.; Gámiz-Fortis, S.; Esteban-Parra, M.J. North Atlantic Oscillation influence on precipitation, river flow and water resources in the Iberian Peninsula. Int. J. Climatol. 2004, 24, 925–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diario de Badajoz. Diario de Badajoz; Imprenta de la Capitanía General: Badajoz, Spain, 1831; pp. 137–140. [Google Scholar]
- Fernández-Fernández, M.; Gallego, M.C.; Domínguez-Castro, F.; Trigo, R.M.; Vaquero, J.M. The climate in Zafra from 1750 to 1840: Precipitation. Clim. Chang. 2015, 129, 267–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández-Fernández, M.; Gallego, M.C.; Domínguez-Castro, F.; Trigo, R.M.; Vaquero, J.M. The climate in Zafra from 1750 to 1840: Temperature indexes from documentary sources. Clim. Chang. 2017, 141, 671–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hurrell, J.W. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 1995, 269, 676–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hurrel, J.W.; Kushnir, Y.; Ottersen, G.; Visbeck, M. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic significance and environmental impact. In Geophysical Monograph Series; American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC, USA, 2003; Volume 134. [Google Scholar]
- Zêzere, J.L.; Trigo, R.M.; Trigo, I.F. Shallow and deep Landslides induced by rainfall in the Lisbon region (Portugal): Assessment of relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2005, 5, 331–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trigo, R.M.; Zêzere, J.L.; Rodrigues, M.L.; Trigo, I.F. The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on rainfall triggering of Landslides near Lisbon. Nat. Hazards 2005, 36, 331–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, P.D.; Jonsson, T.; Wheeler, D. Extension to the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and South-West Iceland. Int. J. Climatol. 1997, 17, 1433–1450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gallego, M.C.; García, J.A.; Vaquero, J.M. The NAO signal in daily rainfall series over the Iberian Peninsula. Clim. Res. 2005, 29, 103–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gimeno, L.; Ribera, P.; Iglesias, R.; De la Torre, L.; García, R.; Hernández, E. Identification of empirical relationships between indices of ENSO and NAO and agricultural yields in Spain. Clim. Res. 2002, 21, 165–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Trigo, R.M.; Osborn, T.J.; Corte-Real, J.M. The North Atlantic Oscillation influence on Europe: Climate impacts and associated physical mechanisms. Clim. Res. 2002, 20, 9–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luterbacher, J.; Xoplaki, E.; Dietrich, D.; Rickli, R.; Jacobeit, J.; Beck, C.; Gyalistras, D.; Schmutz, C.; Wanner, H. Reconstruction of sea level pressure fields over the Eastern North Atlantic and Europe back to 1500. Clim. Dyn. 2002, 18, 545–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trigo, R.M.; Vaquero, J.M.; Alcoforado, M.J.; Barriendos, M.; Taborda, J.; García-Herrera, R.; Luterbacher, J. Iberia in 1816, the year without a summer. Int. J. Climatol. 2009, 29, 99–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Luterbacher, J.; Pfister, C. The year without a summer. Nat. Geosci. 2015, 8, 246–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, S.; Ramos, A.M.; Zêzere, J.L.; Trigo, R.M.; Vaquero, J.M. Spatial impact and triggering conditions of the exceptional hydro-geomorphological event of December 1909 in Iberia. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2016, 16, 371–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
García-Garrido, J.P.; Gallego, M.C.; Palacios, T.; M. Trigo, R.; Vaquero, J.M. Heavy Rainfall and Landslide Event in January 1831 at the Pedregoso Mountains (Cabeza Del Buey, SW Spain). Atmosphere 2020, 11, 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050544
García-Garrido JP, Gallego MC, Palacios T, M. Trigo R, Vaquero JM. Heavy Rainfall and Landslide Event in January 1831 at the Pedregoso Mountains (Cabeza Del Buey, SW Spain). Atmosphere. 2020; 11(5):544. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050544
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Garrido, Juan Pedro, María Cruz Gallego, Teodoro Palacios, Ricardo M. Trigo, and José Manuel Vaquero. 2020. "Heavy Rainfall and Landslide Event in January 1831 at the Pedregoso Mountains (Cabeza Del Buey, SW Spain)" Atmosphere 11, no. 5: 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050544
APA StyleGarcía-Garrido, J. P., Gallego, M. C., Palacios, T., M. Trigo, R., & Vaquero, J. M. (2020). Heavy Rainfall and Landslide Event in January 1831 at the Pedregoso Mountains (Cabeza Del Buey, SW Spain). Atmosphere, 11(5), 544. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050544