Analysis of Spatial Data from Moss Biomonitoring in Czech–Polish Border
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Sample Preparation
2.3. Neutron Activation Analysis
2.4. Statistical Data Processing
2.4.1. Principal Component Analysis
2.4.2. Factor Analysis
2.4.3. Contamination Factor
2.4.4. Geoaccumulation Index
- cn concentration in moss sample n,
- Bn background value for moss sample n,
- a factor of 1.5 is used due to possible variability in background values.
2.4.5. Enrichment Factor
2.4.6. Pollution Load Index
3. Results
3.1. Principal Component Analysis
3.2. Factor Analysis
3.3. Correlations Analysis
3.4. Contamination Factor
3.5. Geoaccumulation Index
3.6. Enrichment Factor
3.7. Pollution Load Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MDPI | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
DOAJ | Directory of open access journals |
TLA | Three letter acronym |
LD | linear dichroism |
i.e., | id est |
EEA | The European Environment Agency |
PM | Particulate matter |
REZZO | Register of Emissions and Air Polution Sources |
GIS | Geographic information system |
ICP | International Cooperative Programme |
JINR | Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |
SLI | short lived isotope |
LLI | long lived isotope |
HPGe | high pure germanium |
NAA | Neutron activation analysis |
CRM | Certified reference material |
NIST | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
SRM | Standard Reference Materials |
CF | Contamination factor |
Igeo | Geoaccumulation index |
PLI | Pollution load index |
EF | Enrichment factor |
PCA | Principal Component Analysis |
HCPC | Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components |
e.g., | exempli gratia |
FA | Factor analysis |
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Min [mg/kg] | Max [mg/kg] | Mean [mg/kg] | Median [mg/kg] | std.dev [mg/kg] | var [mg/kg]2 | var. koef. / | Skew / | kurt. / | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | 84.9 | 1150 | 276 | 224 | 173 | 29,869 | 0.6 | 2 | 9.1 |
Mg | 789 | 4790 | 2525 | 2340 | 1009 | 1,017,205 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 2.1 |
Al | 305 | 11,000 | 2530 | 1830 | 2119 | 4,488,235 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 4.9 |
Cl | 69.3 | 2240 | 502 | 389 | 394 | 154,875 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 7.7 |
K | 4660 | 20,200 | 11,024 | 11,100 | 3104 | 9,634,437 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 3 |
Ca | 1540 | 10,600 | 5941 | 5940 | 2411 | 5,811,460 | 0.4 | 0 | 2 |
Sc | 0.053 | 1.86 | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.384 | 0.147 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 3.8 |
Ti | 22.3 | 923 | 202 | 133 | 177 | 31,182 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 5.2 |
V | 0.551 | 14.9 | 4 | 2.88 | 3.13 | 9.78 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 4.1 |
Cr | 1.1 | 34.1 | 6.84 | 5.41 | 5.56 | 30.96 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 8.9 |
Mn | 45.7 | 767 | 230 | 195 | 153 | 23,449 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 5 |
Fe | 338 | 18,700 | 2203 | 1680 | 2258 | 5,099,947 | 1 | 4.5 | 31.9 |
Co | 0.119 | 2.13 | 0.76 | 0.63 | 0.483 | 0.233 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 3.6 |
Ni | 0.711 | 8.26 | 2.98 | 2.69 | 1.465 | 2.15 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 4.8 |
Zn | 30.6 | 587 | 111 | 85.4 | 106 | 11,295 | 1 | 3.3 | 13.6 |
As | 0.286 | 3.75 | 1.07 | 0.97 | 0.518 | 0.269 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 10 |
Se | 0.06 | 2.39 | 0.64 | 0.39 | 0.537 | 0.289 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 3.8 |
Br | 1.65 | 7.73 | 3.54 | 3.27 | 1.31 | 1.72 | 0.4 | 1 | 3.9 |
Rb | 5.94 | 63.8 | 17.2 | 13.3 | 11.5 | 132 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 6.8 |
Sr | 5.65 | 69.2 | 27.4 | 26.6 | 13.3 | 177 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 3 |
Mo | 0.016 | 1 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.245 | 0.06 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 2.3 |
Cd | 0.02 | 7.09 | 1.18 | 0.57 | 1.719 | 2.95 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 6.8 |
Sb | 0.049 | 1.31 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.226 | 0.051 | 0.7 | 2 | 7.8 |
I | 0.349 | 4.08 | 1.41 | 1.31 | 0.724 | 0.525 | 0.5 | 1 | 4.2 |
Cs | 0.078 | 1.74 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.282 | 0.079 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 7.4 |
Ba | 13.1 | 209 | 63.1 | 55.8 | 33.8 | 1145 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 5.8 |
La | 0.194 | 6.13 | 1.6 | 1.24 | 1.211 | 1.47 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 4.1 |
Ce | 0.011 | 15.6 | 3.23 | 2.43 | 2.682 | 7.19 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 6.6 |
Nd | 0.249 | 6.82 | 1.91 | 1.74 | 1.333 | 1.78 | 0.7 | 1 | 4.1 |
Sm | 0.026 | 1.03 | 0.26 | 0.2 | 0.201 | 0.04 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 4.5 |
Tb | 0.003 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 4.5 |
Tm | 0.002 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.017 | 0 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 4.2 |
Hf | 0.025 | 1.56 | 0.39 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.115 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 3.9 |
Ta | 0.004 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.041 | 0.002 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 4.4 |
W | 0.03 | 1.38 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.233 | 0.054 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 9.9 |
Au | 0 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0.008 | 0 | 4.4 | 7.4 | 59.4 |
Th | 0.049 | 1.92 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.4 | 0.16 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 4.5 |
U | 0.021 | 0.56 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.8 | 1 | 3.3 |
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | 0.79 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.13 |
Mg | 0.76 | 0.07 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.39 |
Al | 0.94 | 0.04 | 0.13 | −0.06 | 0.07 |
Cl | 0.11 | −0.02 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.82 |
K | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.79 |
Ca | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.72 | 0.03 | 0.42 |
Sc | 0.96 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
Ti | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.08 | −0.09 | 0.11 |
V | 0.91 | 0.08 | 0.25 | −0.07 | 0.03 |
Cr | 0.56 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.03 | −0.13 |
Mn | −0.08 | 0.61 | −0.12 | −0.33 | −0.03 |
Fe | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.65 | 0.09 | −0.17 |
Co | 0.85 | 0.26 | 0.30 | −0.01 | −0.04 |
Ni | 0.67 | 0.39 | 0.18 | 0.19 | −0.08 |
Zn | 0.07 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.10 |
As | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.03 | −0.13 |
Se | −0.08 | 0.09 | −0.17 | −0.74 | −0.37 |
Br | 0.20 | 0.63 | −0.14 | −0.45 | 0.11 |
Rb | −0.12 | 0.41 | −0.55 | 0.17 | −0.26 |
Sr | 0.58 | 0.22 | 0.48 | −0.03 | 0.35 |
Mo | 0.36 | 0.17 | 0.70 | 0.29 | 0.13 |
Cd | −0.09 | 0.09 | −0.16 | −0.82 | −0.01 |
Sb | 0.36 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.10 | −0.13 |
I | 0.28 | 0.58 | 0.39 | −0.33 | −0.05 |
Cs | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.24 | −0.33 |
Ba | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.05 | −0.13 | 0.17 |
La | 0.95 | 0.18 | 0.12 | −0.06 | 0.10 |
Ce | 0.96 | 0.13 | 0.11 | −0.04 | 0.06 |
Nd | 0.83 | −0.08 | 0.19 | −0.05 | 0.12 |
Sm | 0.96 | 0.09 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.07 |
Tb | 0.97 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
Tm | 0.89 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.08 |
Hf | 0.91 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
Ta | 0.96 | 0.09 | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.05 |
W | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.27 | −0.62 | −0.08 |
Au | −0.05 | −0.14 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Th | 0.96 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
U | 0.87 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
Expl.Var | 17.06 | 3.71 | 3.70 | 2.42 | 2.34 |
Prp.Totl | 0.45 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
No Contamination | Suspected | Slight | Moderate |
---|---|---|---|
Mn | As | Al | Sm |
Cd | Cr | W | |
Ni | Fe | U | |
Sb | V | Tb | |
Ba | Zn | Th | |
Sr | Co | Sc | |
Se | Mo | ||
Ca | Ce | ||
K | Na | ||
Mg | Cs | ||
Rb | Nd | ||
Ba | Ti | ||
Au | Cl |
Igeo Class | Igeo Value | Classification |
---|---|---|
0 | <0 | uncontaminated |
1 | 0–1 | uncontaminated to moderately contaminated |
2 | 1–2 | moderately contaminated |
3 | 2–3 | moderately to strongly contaminated |
4 | 3–4 | strongly contaminated |
5 | 4–5 | strongly to extremely contaminated |
6 | >5 | extremely contaminated |
Uncontaminated | Uncontaminated to Moderately Contaminated | Moderately Contaminated |
---|---|---|
Ni | As | Al |
Mn | Cd | Fe |
Se | Cr | Ce |
Ca | Sb | Sm |
Rb | V | W |
Au | Zn | U |
Br | Ba | Nd |
I | Sr | Tb |
Co | Th | |
Mo | Sc | |
K | ||
Mg | ||
Na | ||
Cs | ||
Ba | ||
Cl | ||
Ti |
EF < 1 | EF > 1 | |
---|---|---|
Mn | Sr | La |
Rb | Zn | Hf |
Se | Na | Fe |
Au | Cs | Th |
Ca | Co | Ta |
Ni | Mo | Tb |
Br | Tm | Sm |
K | Ti | U |
I | Cr | W |
As | Cl | |
Mg | V | |
Ba | Nd | |
Cd | Ce | |
Sb | Al |
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Svozilíková Krakovská, A.; Svozilík, V.; Zinicovscaia, I.; Vergel, K.; Jančík, P. Analysis of Spatial Data from Moss Biomonitoring in Czech–Polish Border. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111237
Svozilíková Krakovská A, Svozilík V, Zinicovscaia I, Vergel K, Jančík P. Analysis of Spatial Data from Moss Biomonitoring in Czech–Polish Border. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(11):1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111237
Chicago/Turabian StyleSvozilíková Krakovská, Aneta, Vladislav Svozilík, Inga Zinicovscaia, Konstantin Vergel, and Petr Jančík. 2020. "Analysis of Spatial Data from Moss Biomonitoring in Czech–Polish Border" Atmosphere 11, no. 11: 1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111237