Magnetic Field and Electron Density Data Analysis from Swarm Satellites Searching for Ionospheric Effects by Great Earthquakes: 12 Case Studies from 2014 to 2016
by
Angelo De Santis 1,2,*
, Dedalo Marchetti 1,3, Luca Spogli 1,4, Gianfranco Cianchini 1, F. Javier Pavón-Carrasco 1,†, Giorgiana De Franceschi 1, Rita Di Giovambattista 1, Loredana Perrone 1, Enkelejda Qamili 1,‡, Claudio Cesaroni 1, Anna De Santis 1, Alessandro Ippolito 1,§, Alessandro Piscini 1, Saioa A. Campuzano 1, Dario Sabbagh 1, Leonardo Amoruso 5, Marianna Carbone 5, Francesca Santoro 5, Cristoforo Abbattista 5 and Daniela Drimaco 5
Angelo De Santis 1,2,*, Dedalo Marchetti 1,3, Luca Spogli 1,4, Gianfranco Cianchini 1, F. Javier Pavón-Carrasco 1,†, Giorgiana De Franceschi 1, Rita Di Giovambattista 1, Loredana Perrone 1, Enkelejda Qamili 1,‡, Claudio Cesaroni 1, Anna De Santis 1, Alessandro Ippolito 1,§, Alessandro Piscini 1, Saioa A. Campuzano 1, Dario Sabbagh 1, Leonardo Amoruso 5, Marianna Carbone 5, Francesca Santoro 5, Cristoforo Abbattista 5 and Daniela Drimaco 5
1
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy
2
Department INGEO, Università degli Studi "Gabriele d’Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy
3
School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
4
SpacEarth Technology, Via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy
5
Planetek Italia, srl, 70132 Bari, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Now at Department of Earth’s Physics and Astrophysics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, & Geosciences Institute IGEO (CSIC-UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
‡
Now at SERCO Italia spa, Via Sciadonna 24, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy.
§
Now at ASI, Scientific Research Unit, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy.
Atmosphere 2019, 10(7), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070371
Received: 3 June 2019 / Revised: 27 June 2019 / Accepted: 28 June 2019 / Published: 3 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Models)
We analyse Swarm satellite magnetic field and electron density data one month before and one month after 12 strong earthquakes that have occurred in the first 2.5 years of Swarm satellite mission lifetime in the Mediterranean region (magnitude M6.1+) or in the rest of the world (M6.7+). The search for anomalies was limited to the area centred at each earthquake epicentre and bounded by a circle that scales with magnitude according to the Dobrovolsky’s radius. We define the magnetic and electron density anomalies statistically in terms of specific thresholds with respect to the same statistical quantity along the whole residual satellite track (|geomagnetic latitude| ≤ 50°, quiet geomagnetic conditions). Once normalized by the analysed satellite tracks, the anomalies associated to all earthquakes resemble a linear dependence with earthquake magnitude, so supporting the statistical correlation with earthquakes and excluding a relationship by chance.
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Keywords:
geomagnetic field; electron density; seismic precursors; strong and intermediate earthquakes; Swarm satellites
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MDPI and ACS Style
De Santis, A.; Marchetti, D.; Spogli, L.; Cianchini, G.; Pavón-Carrasco, F.J.; Franceschi, G.D.; Di Giovambattista, R.; Perrone, L.; Qamili, E.; Cesaroni, C.; De Santis, A.; Ippolito, A.; Piscini, A.; Campuzano, S.A.; Sabbagh, D.; Amoruso, L.; Carbone, M.; Santoro, F.; Abbattista, C.; Drimaco, D. Magnetic Field and Electron Density Data Analysis from Swarm Satellites Searching for Ionospheric Effects by Great Earthquakes: 12 Case Studies from 2014 to 2016. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 371.
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