A New Geochemical Method for Determining the Sources of Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study from Gannan, Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection
2.2. Measurement Technique
2.3. Uncertainties of Measurement Technique
2.4. Enrichment Factors of Elements of Dry Deposition
2.5. Discriminant Function Index
2.6. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA)
2.7. Backward Trajectories of Air Mass and Identification of Potential Source Regions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Geochemical Characteristic of Trace Metals
3.2. Atmospheric Dry Deposition Input Flux
3.3. Source Identification
3.3.1. Discriminant Function Index to Trace the Source of Atmospheric Deposition
3.3.2. Provenance
3.3.3. Particle Back-Trajectory Calculation Verification
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Al * | As | Ca * | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | F | Hg | K * |
Maximum | 6.880 | 8.8 | 5.060 | 1.26 | 11.4 | 54.7 | 26.1 | 1030 | 0.219 | 2.250 |
Minimum | 2.380 | 4.8 | 0.8600 | 0.138 | 4.63 | 23.4 | 14.4 | 585 | 0.015 | 1.600 |
Mean of depositions | 5.395 | 6.60 | 1.714 | 0.82 | 7.58 | 41.91 | 20.09 | 808.8 | 0.07 | 1.945 |
Standard deviation | 1.043 | 1.05 | 0.9323 | 0.32 | 1.47 | 8.10 | 3.53 | 119.8 | 0.05 | 0.2008 |
Variation coefficient | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.54 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.69 | 0.10 |
Skewness | −1.51 | 0.38 | 3.17 | −0.72 | 0.77 | −0.43 | −0.14 | 0.12 | 2.18 | −0.16 |
Kurtosis | 3.50 | −0.29 | 11.58 | −0.26 | 2.48 | 0.23 | −0.89 | −0.39 | 5.83 | −1.19 |
Beijing, China [68] | 7.335 | NA | 5.066 | 0.46 | 13.80 | 72.40 | 29.86 | NA | NA | 2.209 |
Xi‘an, China [69] | NA | 10.62 | NA | NA | NA | 167.28 | 94.28 | NA | 0.64 | 0.00 |
Harbin, China [58] | 7.449 | NA | 1.077 | NA | 9.86 | 60.01 | 25.31 | NA | NA | 2.752 |
Baiyin, Gansu, China [70] | 4.266 | NA | 4.516 | 8.30 | 14.80 | 96.00 | 330.00 | NA | NA | 0.00 |
Jiayuguan, Gansu, China [70] | 4.859 | NA | 4.781 | 1.70 | 17.10 | 115.00 | 48.00 | NA | NA | 1.925 |
Palermo, Italy [71] | 0.7840 | 7.33 | NA | 1.18 | 6.75 | 144.33 | 570.40 | NA | NA | 2.260 |
Kayseri, Turkey [72] | NA | NA | NA | 11.90 | 16.90 | 17.00 | 100.15 | NA | NA | NA |
Element (mg kg−1) | Mg * | Mn | N * | Na * | Ni | Pb | S | Se | Ti | Zn |
Maximum | 1.160 | 655 | 3.878 | 1.620 | 24.1 | 113 | 0.66 | 0.22 | 3230 | 312 |
Minimum | 0.4100 | 392 | 0.5203 | 0.7900 | 10.6 | 18.2 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 1300 | 101 |
Mean of depositions | 0.6570 | 494.9 | 1.436 | 1.262 | 17.76 | 43.91 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 2715 | 200.9 |
Standard deviation | 0.1682 | 81.10 | 0.8453 | 2.202 | 3.45 | 21.17 | 0.21 | 0.03 | 475.4 | 67.87 |
Variation coefficient | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.59 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.34 |
Skewness | 1.55 | 0.75 | 1.67 | −0.21 | −0.04 | 2.30 | −0.13 | 1.25 | −1.79 | 0.13 |
Kurtosis | 4.35 | −0.43 | 3.87 | −0.07 | −0.08 | 7.07 | −1.44 | 1.19 | 3.97 | −1.29 |
Beijing, China [68] | 1.832 | 0.10 | NA | 1.770 | 40.94 | 17.98 | NA | NA | 0.78 | 110.4 |
Xi‘an, China [69] | NA | 687.0 | NA | NA | NA | 230.5 | NA | NA | NA | 422.0 |
Harbin, China [58] | 0.7686 | 475.0 | NA | 1.823 | 22.35 | 23.44 | NA | NA | 4954 | 69.30 |
Baiyin, Gansu, China [70] | 0.00 | 687.0 | NA | 0.00 | 44.00 | 312.0 | NA | NA | NA | 730.0 |
Jiayuguan, Gansu, China [70] | 1.791 | 780.0 | NA | 0.5489 | 51.00 | 145.0 | NA | NA | NA | 71.00 |
Palermo, Italy [71] | 2.878 | 256.2 | NA | NA | 26.80 | 664.4 | NA | NA | 1220 | 390.2 |
Kayseri, Turkey [72] | NA | 424.5 | NA | NA | 17.90 | 199.5 | NA | NA | NA | 778.5 |
As | Ca | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Hg | K | Mg | Mn | N | Na | Ni | Pb | S | Se | Ti | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | 3.42 | 5.65 | 29.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.90 | 8.29 | 2.36 | 1.05 | 1.73 | 1600.72 | 1.12 | 0.77 | 8.75 | 0.57 | 4.58 | 1.26 | 7.03 |
Min | 1.52 | 0.81 | 1.82 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.48 | 1.08 | 0.37 | 0.73 | 0.00 | 0.63 | 0.38 | 1.57 | 0.00 | 1.60 | 0.90 | 1.90 |
Mean | 2.15 | 1.89 | 14.67 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 1.13 | 2.39 | 1.31 | 0.69 | 1.00 | 304.02 | 0.80 | 0.58 | 4.03 | 0.16 | 2.56 | 1.08 | 4.69 |
SD | 0.47 | 1.10 | 6.96 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 2.25 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 360.40 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 1.82 | 0.14 | 0.83 | 0.09 | 1.64 |
Location | Period | Al | As | Ca | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | F | Hg | K |
This study | 2012–2013 | 9164.51 | 1.09 | 2660.45 | 0.15 | 1.26 | 7.29 | 3.52 | 138.21 | 0.01 | 3125.85 |
Beijing Plain, China [76] | 2005–2006 | NA | 2.90 | 9264.09 | 0.24 | NA | 11.86 | 14.20 | NA | 0.02 | 3328.45 |
Chengdu Economic Area, China [77] | 2004–2005 | NA | 2.77 | 18,073.62 | 1.77 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.10 | 2008.73 |
Pearl River Delta, China [58] | 2001–2002 | NA | NA | NA | 0.07 | 0.19 | 6.43 | 18.60 | NA | NA | NA |
Southern Hebei, China [34] | 2007–2008 | NA | 3.17 | 11,982.09 | 0.86 | NA | 15.65 | 1.37 | NA | 0.07 | 4330.28 |
Changchun, China [6] | 2006–2007 | NA | 4.79 | NA | 0.25 | NA | 10.67 | 8.22 | NA | 0.03 | NA |
Hong Kong, China [78] | 1998–1999 | 145.70 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10.17 | NA | NA | 461.36 |
Lake Erie, North America [75] | 1993–1994 | NA | 0.09 | NA | 0.40 | NA | 1.00 | 3.30 | NA | NA | NA |
Belgrade, Serbia [79] | 2002–2006 | 329.00 | NA | NA | 0.22 | NA | 1.64 | 34.50 | NA | NA | NA |
Northern France [56] | 2001–2002 | NA | NA | NA | 0.05 | NA | NA | 3.90 | NA | NA | NA |
Varanasi, India [80] | 2003–2004 | NA | NA | NA | 1.38 | NA | NA | 6.68 | NA | NA | NA |
Location | Period | Mg | Mn | N | Na | Ni | Pb | S | Se | Ti | Zn |
This study | 2012–2013 | 1107.16 | 77.93 | 2257.26 | 2096.58 | 3.19 | 7.86 | 505.60 | 0.02 | 462.00 | 36.37 |
Beijing Plain, China [76] | 2005–2006 | 3236.26 | 111.16 | NA | 9264.00 | 6.60 | 21.99 | NA | NA | NA | 54.49 |
Chengdu Economic Area, China [77] | 2004–2005 | 1016.31 | 64.96 | NA | 1125.40 | NA | 45.95 | NA | NA | NA | 147.83 |
Pearl River Delta, China [58] | 2001–2002 | 75.30 | 8.98 | NA | NA | 8.35 | 12.70 | NA | NA | NA | 104.00 |
Southern Hebei, China [34] | 2007–2008 | 4936.14 | 126.94 | NA | NA | 7.24 | 30.49 | NA | NA | NA | 168.97 |
Changchun, China [6] | 2006–2007 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 12.31 | NA | NA | NA | 48.15 |
Hong Kong, China [78] | 1998–1999 | 247.91 | 10.44 | NA | 1586.24 | NA | 118.10 | NA | NA | 4.36 | 61.46 |
Lake Erie, North America [75] | 1993–1994 | NA | 2.10 | NA | NA | 0.46 | 0.78 | NA | 0.10 | NA | 11.00 |
Belgrade, Serbia [79] | 2002–2006 | NA | 26.20 | NA | NA | 11.30 | 21.70 | NA | NA | NA | 41.40 |
Northern France [56] | 2001–2002 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.50 | 2.20 | NA | NA | NA | 15.60 |
Varanasi, India [80] | 2003–2004 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.98 | NA | NA | NA | 52.50 |
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Yang, C.; Sun, G.; Zhang, C.; Chen, Y.; Yang, W.; Shang, L. A New Geochemical Method for Determining the Sources of Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study from Gannan, Northeast China. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100632
Yang C, Sun G, Zhang C, Chen Y, Yang W, Shang L. A New Geochemical Method for Determining the Sources of Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study from Gannan, Northeast China. Atmosphere. 2019; 10(10):632. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100632
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Chenmeng, Guangyi Sun, Chao Zhang, Yupeng Chen, Wen Yang, and Lihai Shang. 2019. "A New Geochemical Method for Determining the Sources of Atmospheric Particles: A Case Study from Gannan, Northeast China" Atmosphere 10, no. 10: 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100632