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Review

Advances in Genitourinary Tumor Genomics and Immunotherapy

by
Jasmine Vohra
1,
Gabriela Barbosa
2,3,
Lívia Bitencourt Pascoal
2,3 and
Leonardo O. Reis
2,3,4,*
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vidyalankar Institute of Technology, Mumbai 400037, India
2
ImmuneOncology, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, Campinas 13034-685, SP, Brazil
3
INCT UroGen, National Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation in Genitourinary Cancer (INCT), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
4
UroScience and Department of Surgery (Urology), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Genes 2025, 16(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060667
Submission received: 21 April 2025 / Revised: 26 May 2025 / Accepted: 28 May 2025 / Published: 30 May 2025

Abstract

Advancements in immune monitoring and modulation technologies are driving transformative changes in cancer immunotherapy. These innovations are crucial for assessing patient-specific immune responses, enabling more accurate predictions of therapeutic efficacy and enhancing treatment outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current technologies used in immune monitoring, such as flow cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing, and multiplex cytokine profiling. It also explores cutting-edge immune modulation methods, such as biomaterials that activate immune cells and genetically engineered cell-based therapies. We examine the strengths and limitations of these techniques and identify areas where further progress is needed. In particular, we explore how personalized therapies, real-time monitoring systems, and artificial intelligence shape the future of immune-based treatments. Through a comparative analysis of existing platforms and emerging solutions, this paper underscores the importance of integrating diverse scientific approaches—from immunology and bioengineering to data science—in advancing safer, more effective cancer treatments. This interdisciplinary approach promises to enhance the precision and accessibility of immune-based therapies, offering new hope for improved cancer care.
Keywords: genitourinary cancers; tumor genomics; cancer immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitors; CAR-T-cell therapy; cancer vaccines; tumor microenvironment; liquid biopsy; artificial intelligence; multi-omics; personalized medicine; resistance mechanisms; microbiome; immune monitoring; precision oncology genitourinary cancers; tumor genomics; cancer immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitors; CAR-T-cell therapy; cancer vaccines; tumor microenvironment; liquid biopsy; artificial intelligence; multi-omics; personalized medicine; resistance mechanisms; microbiome; immune monitoring; precision oncology

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Vohra, J.; Barbosa, G.; Pascoal, L.B.; Reis, L.O. Advances in Genitourinary Tumor Genomics and Immunotherapy. Genes 2025, 16, 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060667

AMA Style

Vohra J, Barbosa G, Pascoal LB, Reis LO. Advances in Genitourinary Tumor Genomics and Immunotherapy. Genes. 2025; 16(6):667. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060667

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vohra, Jasmine, Gabriela Barbosa, Lívia Bitencourt Pascoal, and Leonardo O. Reis. 2025. "Advances in Genitourinary Tumor Genomics and Immunotherapy" Genes 16, no. 6: 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060667

APA Style

Vohra, J., Barbosa, G., Pascoal, L. B., & Reis, L. O. (2025). Advances in Genitourinary Tumor Genomics and Immunotherapy. Genes, 16(6), 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060667

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