New Insights into the Role of Sphingolipid Metabolism in Melanoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Alterations of Sphingolipid Metabolism in Melanoma
3. Role of the Sphingolipid Metabolism in Melanomagenesis
3.1. Do SL Metabolism Alterations Increase the Risk to Develop Melanoma?
3.2. Sphingolipid Metabolism Modulates Melanoma Cell Proliferation and Survival
4. Role of the Sphingolipid Metabolism in Melanoma Progression
4.1. SL Metabolism Regulates Melanoma Cell Adhesion
4.2. SL Metabolism as a Determinant of Melanoma Plasticity
4.3. SL Metabolism as a Major Regulator of Melanoma Aggressiveness
5. Role of SL Metabolism in the Immune Response to Melanoma
5.1. S1P in Lymphocyte Traffic and Differentiation
5.2. S1P Impairs the Immune Response in Melanoma
5.3. Ceramide and Its Derivatives in the Immune Response
5.4. Melanoma-Derived Exosomes Are Vectors of Immunosuppression
6. Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Melanoma Patients
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SL or SL-Metabolising Enzymes | Dysregulation | Cell Lines or Patients | Effects | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
CerS6 | Decreased | WM35, WM451 and SKMEL28 human melanoma cells | Malignant behaviour | [17] |
AC | Decreased | Proliferative and invasive human melanoma cells | Pro-invasive | [18,19] |
SphK1 | Increased | Murine and human melanoma cells and biopsies | Pro-tumoral Immunosuppressive signature | [20,21,22] |
SPL | Decreased | Human melanoma cells | Resistance to chemotherapy Increased proliferation | [23] |
GD3 | Increased | GD3+ human melanoma cells with c-Yes inhibition | Reduced malignancy | [24,25,26] |
SMS1 | Decreased | Human biopsies | Worse prognosis | [29] |
SPC | Increased | Mel-Ab and human melanocytes | Stimulate melanomagenesis Hypopigmentation in melanocytes | [30,31,32,33] |
A-SMase | Decreased | Primary melanomas and lymph node metastases Pigmented murine and human melanomas | Inverse correlation with melanin content | [34,35] |
Targeted SL-Metabolising Enzyme | Melanoma Cells | Experimental Strategy | Treatment | Effects on Drug Sensitivity | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A-SMase | B16-W6_pSIL10 | shRNA | Cisplatin (chemotherapy) | Low A-SMase is associated with reduced mTOR-related autophagy and resistance to cisplatin | [201] |
AC | A375 | AC overexpression | Dacarbazine (chemotherapy) | AC overexpression confers resistance to dacarbazine | [66] |
AC | G361 A375 | ARN14988 ARN398 (AC inhibitor) | 5-FU (chemotherapy) | AC inhibition sensitises G361 cells (proliferative phenotype) but not A375 cells (invasive phenotype) to chemotherapeutic drugs | [18] |
SphK1 | SK-Mel-28 A375 | FTY720 | Cisplatin (chemotherapy) | SK1 inhibition increases cisplatin-induced apoptosis through a downregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and decreases EGFR expression | [202] |
SphK1 | UACC 903 | siRNA | Staurosporine (Apoptosis inducing agent) | Downregulation of Sphk1 sensitises cells to staurosporine-induced apoptosis through AKT inhibition, and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest | [20] |
SphK1 | A375 (overexpression) Mel-2a (downregulation) | SphK1 overexpression or downregulation | Doxorubicin (chemotherapy) | Sphk1 overexpression induces resistance to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis whereas its downregulation by siRNA increases melanoma cell sensitivity to the treatment | [203] |
SphK1 | WM115 SK-Mel-28 | FTY720 | Vemurafenib (BRAF inhibitor) | SK1 inhibition increases vemurafenib-induced apoptosis | [204] |
SphK1 | WM9 | SKI-I | Vemurafenib (BRAF inhibitor) | Sphk1 inhibition blocks BRAFi-resistant melanoma cell growth by reducing MITF and Bcl-2 expression | [64] |
SphK1 | B16-F10 | PF-543 | ICB Adoptive transfer of melanoma antigen-specific T cells | Sphk1 inhibition in T cells maintains Tcm phenotype, reduces Treg induction and synergises with anti-PD1 treatment | [164] |
SphK1 | Yumm 1.7 | shRNA | ICB | SphK1 downregulation enhances ICB therapy efficacy by reducing Treg infiltration | [22] |
GCS | B16 | PDMP | Genistein (Apoptosis inducing agent) | Ceramide accumulation enhances genistein-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition through JNK activation and AKT inhibition | [205] |
SL-Related Treatment | Models | Associated Drug | Effects | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nanoliposomal ceramide | UACC 903 cells 1205 Lu cells Xenografts in nude mice | Sorafenib | Inhibition of melanoma cell growth by targeting both PI3K and MAPK signalling | [206] |
Nanoliposomal ceramide | 1205 Lu cells In vitro experiments | None | Reduction of integrin affinity and inhibition of melanoma cell migration through PI3K and PKCζ tumour-suppressive activities | [207] |
KRN7000 | B16 melanoma cell graft intravenously injected in mice | None | Increase of lifespan of mice | [208] |
OGT2378 (GCS inhibitor) | B16 derived MEB4 melanoma cell graft in female C57BL/6 mice | None | Inhibition of tumour growth and reduction of established tumours | [69] |
Intra-muscular GM3/VSSP vaccine | Phase I clinical trial: 26 patients with advanced (stage III and IV) melanoma | Adjuvant Montanide Isa 51 | GM3/VSSP vaccine induces anti-GM3 IgM response in 44% of patients. Serum reactivity against melanoma cells and tumour biopsies is reported | [209] |
L612-HuMAb (Human monoclonal antibody that binds to GM3) | Phase I clinical trial: 9 patients with advanced (stage IV) melanoma | None | L612 HuMAb induces significant antitumour activity in melanoma patients | [210] |
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Carrié, L.; Virazels, M.; Dufau, C.; Montfort, A.; Levade, T.; Ségui, B.; Andrieu-Abadie, N. New Insights into the Role of Sphingolipid Metabolism in Melanoma. Cells 2020, 9, 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091967
Carrié L, Virazels M, Dufau C, Montfort A, Levade T, Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N. New Insights into the Role of Sphingolipid Metabolism in Melanoma. Cells. 2020; 9(9):1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091967
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrié, Lorry, Mathieu Virazels, Carine Dufau, Anne Montfort, Thierry Levade, Bruno Ségui, and Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie. 2020. "New Insights into the Role of Sphingolipid Metabolism in Melanoma" Cells 9, no. 9: 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091967