Proteinous Components of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Arrested by the Cell Wall Proteins of Candida albicans during Fungal Infection, and Can Be Used in the Host Invasion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Yeast Strains and Culture Conditions
2.2. Isolation of the Neutrophils
2.3. NET Production and the Degradation of Their Components
2.4. Colocalization Analysis
2.5. Identification of the Main NET Markers on the Surface of C. albicans with Fluorescence Microscopy
2.6. Analysis of the NET Protein Interactions with the Surface of C. albicans Cells
2.7. Extraction and Purification of C. albicans Cell Wall Proteins
2.8. Binding of the NET Proteins to Selected C. albicans Adhesins Expressed at the Surface of S. cerevisiae Cells
2.9. Quantitative Characteristics of Fungal CWP Binding to NET-Composing Proteins Using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Measurement
2.10. Analysis of the Possible Modification (Citrullination or Proteolytic Degradation) of NET-Composing Proteins at the Place of Interaction with C. albicans Cells, and Its Influence on the Analyzed Interactions
2.11. The Influence of the Binding of NET Proteins to the Fungal Cell Surface on the Interactions with Epithelium
2.12. The Influence of HNE Binding to the Fungal Cell Surface on C. albicans’ Viability
3. Results
3.1. Neutrophil Proteins Located within the NET Structures Are Involved in the Capturing of C. albicans Cells
3.2. Identification of the Fungal Surface Proteins Involved in the Interactions with Proteinous NET Components
3.3. Kinetic Characteristics of Protein–Protein Interactions between Selected NET-Composing Proteins and Candidal Adhesin Als3 and the Yeast Moonlighting Proteins
3.4. NET Proteins Bound to the Surface of Fungal Cells Do Not Eliminate Them but Rather Induce the Apoptosis of the Host Cells Surrounding the Infection Locus
3.5. Is the Modification of NET-Composing Proteins Responsible for C. albicans Cell Release from NET Structures?
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NET Proteins | Cell Wall Proteins of C. albicans (Kd (nM)) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Als3 | Eno1 | Gpm1 | Tpi1 | |
MPO | 11.6 ± 6 | 78.7 ± 45 | 353 ± 13.2 | 45 ± 0.2 |
HNE | 65 ± 5.3 | 36.1 ± 0.5 | nd | nd |
LF | 85.9 ± 1.9 | 72.2 ± 0.1 | 21.4 ± 0.2 | 163 ± 0.2 |
LL-37 | 228 ± 54 | 14.6 ± 0.5 | 598 ± 2.8 | 68.3 ± 0.1 |
H2 * | 1787 ± 238 | 911 ± 238 | nb | nd |
H3 * | 23.4 ± 8.6 | 1234 ± 534 | 258 ± 78 | nd |
H4 * | 820 ± 330 | 384 ± 130 | 1898 ± 414 | nd |
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Karkowska-Kuleta, J.; Smolarz, M.; Seweryn-Ozog, K.; Satala, D.; Zawrotniak, M.; Wronowska, E.; Bochenska, O.; Kozik, A.; Nobbs, A.H.; Gogol, M.; et al. Proteinous Components of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Arrested by the Cell Wall Proteins of Candida albicans during Fungal Infection, and Can Be Used in the Host Invasion. Cells 2021, 10, 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102736
Karkowska-Kuleta J, Smolarz M, Seweryn-Ozog K, Satala D, Zawrotniak M, Wronowska E, Bochenska O, Kozik A, Nobbs AH, Gogol M, et al. Proteinous Components of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Arrested by the Cell Wall Proteins of Candida albicans during Fungal Infection, and Can Be Used in the Host Invasion. Cells. 2021; 10(10):2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102736
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarkowska-Kuleta, Justyna, Magdalena Smolarz, Karolina Seweryn-Ozog, Dorota Satala, Marcin Zawrotniak, Ewelina Wronowska, Oliwia Bochenska, Andrzej Kozik, Angela H. Nobbs, Mariusz Gogol, and et al. 2021. "Proteinous Components of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Arrested by the Cell Wall Proteins of Candida albicans during Fungal Infection, and Can Be Used in the Host Invasion" Cells 10, no. 10: 2736. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102736