Effects of Continuous Saline Water Irrigation on Soil Salinization Characteristics and Dryland Jujube Tree
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Measurement Parameters and Methods
2.3.1. Soil Salinity and Chemical Properties
2.3.2. Jujube Tree Growth Index
2.3.3. Jujube Yield and Quality
2.4. Statistical Analysis of Data
3. Results
3.1. Dynamic Variations in Soil Salinity
3.2. Soil Chemical Properties
3.2.1. pH and SAR
3.2.2. Soil Hydrochemical Types
3.3. The Effects on Jujube Tree
3.4. Multi-Objective Evaluation Based on Entropy-Weighted TOPSIS
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects on Soil Salinity
4.2. Effects on Soil Hydrochemical Characteristics
4.3. Effects on the Growth of Jujube Trees
4.4. Multi-Objective Evaluation
4.5. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Depth | Bulk Density | Textural Characteristics (%) | pH | Salt Content | SAR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m) | (g·cm−3) | Clay | Silt | Sand | (g·kg−1) | (mmol·L−1)0.5 | |
Surface layer | 1.51 | 6.7 | 66 | 27.3 | 8.18 | 3.58 | 2.85 |
0–0.5 | 1.54 | 7.64 | 45.1 | 47.26 | 7.8 | 0.82 | 2.062 |
0.5–1 | 1.54 | 4.94 | 26.26 | 68.8 | 8.31 | 0.52 | 2.086 |
Depth | CO32− | HCO3− | Cl− | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | SO42− | K+ | Na+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m) | (mg·kg−1) | (mg·kg−1) | (mg·kg−1) | (mg·kg−1) | (mg·kg−1) | (mg·kg−1) | (mg·kg−1) | (mg·kg−1) |
Surface layer | 0 | 269.36 | 954.5 | 254.07 | 194.19 | 1232.98 | 111.77 | 563.64 |
0–0.5 | 0 | 130.18 | 215.38 | 82.71 | 46.56 | 579.76 | 36.78 | 190.30 |
0.5–1 | 0 | 73.63 | 51.73 | 32.36 | 11.37 | 275.74 | 27.02 | 102.80 |
Treatments | Ionic Content (mmol·L−1) | pH | Salt Content | SAR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCO3− | Cl− | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | SO42− | K+ | Na+ | (g·kg−1) | (mmol·L−1)0.5 | ||
CK | 1.41 | 1.08 | 2.29 | 3.48 | 3.46 | 0.62 | 0.76 | 8.14 | 0.87 | 1.87 |
S1 | 1.77 | 4.68 | 4.14 | 6.06 | 13.68 | 2.69 | 2.86 | 8.18 | 2.03 | 5.26 |
S2 | 2.55 | 5.73 | 6.27 | 9.29 | 24.76 | 6.73 | 7.35 | 8.27 | 4.09 | 10.94 |
S3 | 3.62 | 7.73 | 8.02 | 12.11 | 30.03 | 7.77 | 9.82 | 8.13 | 6.18 | 12.86 |
S4 | 4.74 | 9.75 | 10.18 | 14.98 | 36.45 | 12.85 | 14.44 | 8.32 | 8.21 | 16.90 |
S5 | 5.52 | 12.41 | 12.22 | 17.77 | 43.76 | 17.95 | 19.20 | 8.38 | 10.28 | 20.57 |
Years | Project | Budding 4/19~5/16 | Flowering 5/17~7/16 | Young Fruit Stage 7/17~8/7 | Fruit Developing 8/8~9/6 | Maturity 9/7~10/27 | ∑ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | KC | 0.42 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.81 | - |
2020 | ETo (mm) | 94.30 | 265.90 | 90.10 | 101.60 | 89.30 | 641.20 |
Irrigation amount (mm) | 35.62 | 172.81 | 78.44 | 89.51 | 26.09 | 402.47 | |
Irrigation unit | 2 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 16 | |
2021 | ETo (mm) | 82.60 | 268.60 | 87.30 | 102.80 | 88.40 | 629.70 |
Irrigation amount (mm) | 28.94 | 225.94 | 52.19 | 120.41 | 43.21 | 470.69 | |
Irrigation unit | 2 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 17 | |
2022 | ETo (mm) | 79.20 | 234.30 | 96.60 | 90.40 | 90.1 | 590.60 |
Irrigation amount (mm) | 25.43 | 175.41 | 93.30 | 75.50 | 39.67 | 409.31 | |
Irrigation unit | 2 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 16 |
Years | Treatments | Fruit Volume (cm3) | Calculated Yield (kg·ha−1) | WP (kg·m−3) | Total Sugar (%) | Total Acid (%) | Vitamin C (mg·100 g−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | CK | 6.78 bc | 673.5 bc | 1.15 bc | 55.1 a | 0.57 ab | 175.67 cd |
S1 | 8.20 a | 781.67 a | 1.34 a | 57.17 a | 0.57 ab | 204.20 a | |
S2 | 7.18 bc | 702.17 b | 1.20 b | 54.03 ab | 0.61 a | 187.03 b | |
S3 | 6.73 bc | 669.67 bc | 1.15 bc | 50.77 bc | 0.56 ab | 167.67 cd | |
S4 | 6.55 c | 644.5 c | 1.11 c | 50.3 c | 0.56 ab | 158.03 d | |
S5 | 6.52 c | 560.67 d | 0.96 d | 47.33 c | 0.52 b | 155.23 d | |
2021 | CK | 7.20 c | 843.67 ab | 1.37 ab | 55.05 ab | 0.61 a | 174.76 c |
S1 | 8.27 ab | 866.50 a | 1.41 a | 56.12 ab | 0.57 a | 198.82 a | |
S2 | 8.65 a | 816.83 b | 1.33 b | 53.44 bc | 0.55 a | 186.48 b | |
S3 | 7.89 b | 770.00 c | 1.25 c | 57.66 a | 0.54 a | 170.17 cd | |
S4 | 7.12 c | 706.02 d | 1.15 d | 53.85 bc | 0.56 a | 163.46 de | |
S5 | 6.74 c | 684.67 d | 1.11 d | 50.75 c | 0.55 a | 159.59 e | |
2022 | CK | 8.23 a | 856.21 a | 1.34 a | 55.44 a | 0.58 ab | 182.42 a |
S1 | 8.08 a | 832.83 a | 1.29 a | 55.70 a | 0.62 a | 184.42 a | |
S2 | 7.67 b | 796.33 b | 1.23 b | 53.30 b | 0.56 ab | 171.11 b | |
S3 | 6.87 bc | 710.00 c | 1.17 c | 50.78 c | 0.52 b | 165.45 bc | |
S4 | 6.51 c | 633.83 d | 1.01 d | 49.10 cd | 0.55 ab | 159.53 c | |
S5 | 5.83 d | 514.33 e | 0.91 e | 47.50 c | 0.53 b | 145.70 d |
Indicators | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | Average Weight | Weight | Average Weight | Weight | Average Weight | ||
Soil saline–alkali properties | Soil salinity | 0.0611 | 0.0717 | 0.0647 | 0.0769 | 0.0766 | 0.0734 |
pH | 0.0995 | 0.1039 | 0.0785 | ||||
SAR | 0.0544 | 0.0622 | 0.0652 | ||||
Agronomic traits of jujube trees | Plant height increase | 0.0659 | 0.0755 | 0.0749 | 0.0744 | 0.0792 | 0.0795 |
Stem thickness growth | 0.0740 | 0.0754 | 0.0889 | ||||
Jujube hanging growing | 0.0769 | 0.0823 | 0.0835 | ||||
LAI | 0.0850 | 0.0651 | 0.0663 | ||||
Yield and quality | Jujube fruit volume | 0.1545 | 0.0805 | 0.0876 | 0.0786 | 0.0708 | 0.0770 |
Theoretical yield | 0.0552 | 0.0848 | 0.0749 | ||||
WP | 0.0548 | 0.0838 | 0.0755 | ||||
Total sugar | 0.0639 | 0.0615 | 0.0875 | ||||
Total acid | 0.0539 | 0.0509 | 0.0839 | ||||
Vitamin C | 0.1009 | 0.1030 | 0.0691 |
Years | Treatments | Distance to the Ideal Solution | Distance to the Antideal Solution | Composite Score Indices | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | CK | 0.394 | 0.505 | 0.562 | 3 |
S1 | 0.219 | 0.649 | 0.748 | 1 | |
S2 | 0.320 | 0.500 | 0.610 | 2 | |
S3 | 0.396 | 0.393 | 0.498 | 4 | |
S4 | 0.534 | 0.282 | 0.346 | 5 | |
S5 | 0.669 | 0.286 | 0.300 | 6 | |
2021 | CK | 0.194 | 0.156 | 0.445 | 3 |
S1 | 0.094 | 0.270 | 0.742 | 1 | |
S2 | 0.151 | 0.161 | 0.515 | 2 | |
S3 | 0.209 | 0.102 | 0.328 | 4 | |
S4 | 0.272 | 0.113 | 0.294 | 5 | |
S5 | 0.245 | 0.071 | 0.224 | 6 | |
2022 | CK | 0.010 | 0.273 | 0.964 | 1 |
S1 | 0.024 | 0.264 | 0.918 | 2 | |
S2 | 0.087 | 0.198 | 0.694 | 3 | |
S3 | 0.149 | 0.133 | 0.471 | 4 | |
S4 | 0.207 | 0.075 | 0.266 | 5 | |
S5 | 0.279 | 0.064 | 0.159 | 6 |
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Zhao, Q.; Xin, M.; Ai, P.; Ma, Y. Effects of Continuous Saline Water Irrigation on Soil Salinization Characteristics and Dryland Jujube Tree. Agronomy 2025, 15, 1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081898
Zhao Q, Xin M, Ai P, Ma Y. Effects of Continuous Saline Water Irrigation on Soil Salinization Characteristics and Dryland Jujube Tree. Agronomy. 2025; 15(8):1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081898
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Qiao, Mingliang Xin, Pengrui Ai, and Yingjie Ma. 2025. "Effects of Continuous Saline Water Irrigation on Soil Salinization Characteristics and Dryland Jujube Tree" Agronomy 15, no. 8: 1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081898
APA StyleZhao, Q., Xin, M., Ai, P., & Ma, Y. (2025). Effects of Continuous Saline Water Irrigation on Soil Salinization Characteristics and Dryland Jujube Tree. Agronomy, 15(8), 1898. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081898