Certified Seed Use Enhances Yield Stability in Cereal Production Under Temperate Climate Conditions
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Data
- Location, area and type of farm;
- Soil quality class, pH and previous crop;
- Type and degree of seed certification;
- Sowing practices, fertilization, and use of plant protection products;
- Yields obtained (expressed in t/ha);
- Sociodemographic data (age and education of the person managing the farm).
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Location of the farm;
- Voivodeship
- County
- Farm area (ha);
- Area of arable land (ha);
- Age of the farm manager;
- Education of the farm manager;
Ordinal Number of the Field | A Species of Cultivated Plant | Cultivar Names | Field Area (ha) | Soil | Forecrop | How Many Years Ago Was Manure Used? | Mineral Fertilization | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | pH | kg of Pure Ingredient x a−1 | Foliar | ||||||||
N | P | K | (Yes/No) | ||||||||
1 | |||||||||||
2 | |||||||||||
3 | |||||||||||
4 | |||||||||||
5 |
Ordinal Number of the Field | Certified Seed Material Was Used? | Sowing Date | Sowing Density | Seed Treatment | Pesticides | Harvest Date | Yield | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Treatments | |||||||||||
Herbicides | Fungicides | Insecticides | |||||||||
(Yes/No) | Month | Day | kg x ha−1 | (Yes/No) | Month | Day | dt * ha−1 | ||||
1 | |||||||||||
2 | |||||||||||
3 | |||||||||||
4 | |||||||||||
5 |
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Winter Wheat | Winter Triticale | Spring Barley | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Certified Seed | Non-Certified Seed | Certified Seed | Non-Certified Seed | Certified Seed | Non-Certified Seed | |
n (%) | 2748 (65.9%) | 1422 (34.1%) | 1004 (51.9%) | 932 (48.1%) | 842 (56.1%) | 660 (43.9%) |
Mean (t ha−1) | 6.26 | 5.62 | 4.93 | 4.78 | 4.59 | 4.29 |
Standard deviation | 1.42 | 1.35 | 1.24 | 1.20 | 1.25 | 1.18 |
Coefficient of variation | 2.28 | 2.40 | 2.52 | 2.51 | 2.73 | 2.76 |
Yield Increase (%) | 11.4 | 3.1 | 7.0 | |||
t-test p-Value * | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Agroecological Regions | Winter Wheat | Winter Triticale | Spring Barley | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Certified Seed Yield (t ha−1) | Non-Certified Seed Yield (t ha−1) | p Value * | Certified Seed Yield (t ha−1) | Non-Certified Seed Yield (t ha−1) | p Value * | Certified Seed Yield (t ha−1) | Non-Certified Seed Yield (t ha−1) | p Value * | |
Region 1 | 6.36c # | 4.21a | <0.0001 | 4.57a | 4.18a | 0.0482 | 4.23b | 3.96a | 0.2391 |
Region 2 | 6.57d | 6.29e | 0.0085 | 5.43d | 5.18e | 0.0002 | 4.52c | 4.17b | <0.0001 |
Region 3 | 5.87a | 5.52c | 0.0124 | 5.11c | 5.11d | 0.6915 | 4.08a | 4.26c | 0.6761 |
Region 4 | 5.97b | 5.38b | <0.0001 | 4.92b | 4.57b | 0.0044 | 4.35b | 4.13b | 0.0577 |
Region 5 | 6.57d | 5.65d | <0.0001 | 4.94b | 4.64b | 0.1394 | 5.12e | 4.18b | <0.0001 |
Region 6 | 5.91a | 5.54c | <0.0001 | 4.94b | 4.78c | 0.0372 | 4.66d | 4.62d | 0.0715 |
Species | Region | Certified Seed (Yes/No) | Seed Dressing (% Farms) | Herbicide (% Farms) | Fungicide (% Farms) | Insecticide (% Farms) | Number of Pesticide Treatments (n) | N Fertilization (kg ha−1) | Age (Years) | Higher Education (% Managers) | p Value * | Farm Area > 50 ha (% Farms) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter Wheat | I | No | 92% | 100% | 96% | 67% | 3 | 133 | 47.8 | 15% | 0.0018 | 69% | 0.8938 |
I | Yes | 99% | 100% | 100% | 77% | 3.1 | 143.4 | 47.8 | 24% | 71% | |||
II | No | 85% | 97% | 85% | 48% | 2.2 | 131.2 | 45.8 | 36% | <0.0001 | 30% | <0.0001 | |
II | Yes | 96% | 100% | 99% | 64% | 2.7 | 137.4 | 46.6 | 19% | 48% | |||
III | No | 95% | 99% | 92% | 46% | 2.4 | 129 | 47.3 | 8% | 0.0027 | 42% | 0.9288 | |
III | Yes | 92% | 98% | 94% | 57% | 2.8 | 137.4 | 45.7 | 17% | 43% | |||
IV | No | 93% | 100% | 89% | 53% | 2.3 | 117 | 45.2 | 28% | 0.8471 | 15% | <0.0001 | |
IV | Yes | 90% | 100% | 98% | 69% | 3.1 | 130.4 | 45.7 | 29% | 26% | |||
V | No | 85% | 100% | 97% | 65% | 3 | 143.1 | 47.4 | 18% | 0.5361 | 43% | <0.0001 | |
V | Yes | 91% | 99% | 86% | 58% | 2.5 | 128.9 | 48.2 | 14% | 27% | |||
VI | No | 94% | 98% | 80% | 41% | 2.1 | 103.4 | 40.9 | 18% | 0.9281 | 21% | 0.0083 | |
VI | Yes | 97% | 100% | 90% | 52% | 2.5 | 114.9 | 44.2 | 17% | 28% | |||
Winter Triticale | I | No | 60% | 98% | 73% | 35% | 2 | 100.3 | 45.4 | 12% | 0.0014 | 37% | 0.3416 |
I | Yes | 98% | 100% | 65% | 26% | 1.5 | 106.5 | 45.5 | 6% | 41% | |||
II | No | 81% | 98% | 66% | 8% | 1.1 | 100 | 47.9 | 15% | <0.0001 | 31% | 0.9261 | |
II | Yes | 88% | 99% | 78% | 13% | 1.3 | 105.7 | 49 | 22% | 30% | |||
III | No | 82% | 97% | 79% | 27% | 1.8 | 99.2 | 44.9 | 12% | 0.9282 | 21% | 0.0128 | |
III | Yes | 85% | 98% | 83% | 33% | 1.9 | 103.6 | 45.5 | 11% | 29% | |||
IV | No | 85% | 97% | 64% | 11% | 1.1 | 86.2 | 42.7 | 25% | 0.1028 | 8% | 0.0231 | |
IV | Yes | 96% | 100% | 71% | 22% | 1.5 | 96.1 | 45.3 | 29% | 15% | |||
V | No | 88% | 99% | 54% | 17% | 1.1 | 87.3 | 48.8 | 10% | 0.7182 | 19% | 0.0019 | |
V | Yes | 90% | 100% | 70% | 21% | 1.4 | 93 | 47.3 | 12% | 27% | |||
VI | No | 83% | 97% | 45% | 18% | 1.1 | 77.2 | 42.7 | 27% | <0.0001 | 5% | 0.9352 | |
VI | Yes | 88% | 98% | 50% | 11% | 1 | 85.4 | 40.6 | 15% | 4% | |||
Spring Barley | I | No | 48% | 100% | 64% | 18% | 3.2 | 87.8 | 48.7 | 6% | 0.4511 | 33% | 0.0029 |
I | Yes | 87% | 100% | 57% | 12% | 3.2 | 90.5 | 46.9 | 8% | 38% | |||
II | No | 66% | 98% | 31% | 4% | 2.6 | 88.2 | 49.5 | 15% | <0.0001 | 24% | 0.0031 | |
II | Yes | 83% | 98% | 68% | 29% | 3.6 | 95.5 | 47.9 | 25% | 27% | |||
III | No | 89% | 97% | 72% | 21% | 3.4 | 87 | 47.7 | 11% | 0.0034 | 15% | 0.0173 | |
III | Yes | 91% | 98% | 79% | 39% | 3.9 | 90.9 | 45.6 | 16% | 19% | |||
IV | No | 91% | 98% | 57% | 23% | 3.2 | 83.4 | 45 | 20% | <0.0001 | 13% | 0.0012 | |
IV | Yes | 94% | 99% | 70% | 29% | 4.1 | 84.9 | 45.3 | 31% | 9% | |||
V | No | 85% | 99% | 57% | 8% | 3 | 80.5 | 45.8 | 14% | 0.0372 | 38% | <0.0001 | |
V | Yes | 92% | 99% | 84% | 40% | 4.2 | 88.8 | 47.5 | 11% | 44% | |||
VI | No | 85% | 99% | 64% | 11% | 3.3 | 66.9 | 40.9 | 21% | 0.0073 | 16% | <0.0001 | |
VI | Yes | 91% | 100% | 63% | 16% | 3.4 | 86 | 41.6 | 18% | 22% |
Region | Certified Seed | Winter Wheat | Winter Triticale | Spring Barley | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shukla’s Variance (Rank *) | Ecovalence (Rank) | Shukla’s Variance (Rank) | Ecovalence (Rank) | Shukla’s Variance (Rank) | Ecovalence (Rank) | ||
I | No | 74.6 (12) | 4072 (12) | 17.9 (9) | 1031 (9) | 34.5 (11) | 2781 (11) |
I | Yes | 4.04 (2) | 309 (2) | 10.5 (5) | 632 (5) | 57.6 (12) | 4550 (12) |
II | No | 14 (8) | 842 (8) | 23.2 (12) | 1314 (12) | 16.8 (7) | 1422 (7) |
II | Yes | 11.6 (7) | 714 (7) | 8.82 (3) | 544 (3) | 19.5 (9) | 1634 (9) |
III | No | 31.4 (11) | 1770 (11) | 13.5 (7) | 793 (7) | 10.4 (5) | 936 (5) |
III | Yes | 23.7 (10) | 1360 (10) | 19.3 (10) | 1104 (10) | 12.9 (6) | 1126 (6) |
IV | No | 8.92 (6) | 570 (6) | 22.9 (11) | 1295 (11) | 5.13 (3) | 530 (3) |
IV | Yes | 0.369 (1) | 114 (1) | 3.89 (1) | 282 (1) | 3.84 (2) | 431 (2) |
V | No | 6.47 (3) | 439 (3) | 10.1 (4) | 612 (4) | 7.24 (4) | 691 (4) |
V | Yes | 8.74 (5) | 560 (5) | 12.2 (6) | 725 (6) | 3.33 (1) | 391 (1) |
VI | No | 7.18 (4) | 477 (4) | 17.2 (8) | 994 (8) | 19.1 (8) | 1599 (8) |
VI | Yes | 20.3 (9) | 1177 (9) | 7.36 (2) | 467 (2) | 22.7 (10) | 1873 (10) |
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Ojdowska, P.; Oleksiak, T.; Studnicki, M.; Iwańska, M. Certified Seed Use Enhances Yield Stability in Cereal Production Under Temperate Climate Conditions. Agronomy 2025, 15, 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081886
Ojdowska P, Oleksiak T, Studnicki M, Iwańska M. Certified Seed Use Enhances Yield Stability in Cereal Production Under Temperate Climate Conditions. Agronomy. 2025; 15(8):1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081886
Chicago/Turabian StyleOjdowska, Patrycja, Tadeusz Oleksiak, Marcin Studnicki, and Marzena Iwańska. 2025. "Certified Seed Use Enhances Yield Stability in Cereal Production Under Temperate Climate Conditions" Agronomy 15, no. 8: 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081886
APA StyleOjdowska, P., Oleksiak, T., Studnicki, M., & Iwańska, M. (2025). Certified Seed Use Enhances Yield Stability in Cereal Production Under Temperate Climate Conditions. Agronomy, 15(8), 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081886