Droplet Deposition and Efficacy of Real-Time Variable-Rate Application of Herbicides at Reduced Dose in Winter Wheat Fields
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Materials
2.3. Experimental Methods
2.3.1. Experimental Design
2.3.2. Measurement of Droplet Deposition
2.3.3. Evaluation of Weed Control Efficacy
2.3.4. Evaluation of Wheat Safety
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect on Droplet Deposition
3.2. Efficacy of Weed Control
3.3. Effect on Wheat Growth
3.4. Effect on Wheat Yield
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Spraying Volume (L/ha) | Width of Spraying Boom (m) | Travel Speed (km/h) | Total No. of Nozzles on the Spraying Boom | Theoretical Working Time per Hectare (min) | Theoretical Flow Rate per Nozzle (L/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 150 | 13 | 5 | 26 | 9.23 | 0.63 |
2 | 150 | 13 | 6 | 26 | 7.69 | 0.75 |
3 | 150 | 13 | 7 | 26 | 6.59 | 0.88 |
4 | 150 | 13 | 8 | 26 | 5.77 | 1.00 |
5 | 180 | 13 | 5 | 26 | 9.23 | 0.75 |
6 | 180 | 13 | 6 | 26 | 7.69 | 0.90 |
7 | 180 | 13 | 7 | 26 | 6.59 | 1.05 |
8 | 180 | 13 | 8 | 26 | 5.77 | 1.20 |
Indexes | p-Value (n = 52) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Spraying Volume | Nozzle Size | Spraying Volume × Nozzle Size | |
Droplet density | 0.000 | 0.551 | 0.131 |
Droplet coverage | 0.000 | 0.130 | 0.233 |
Mean coefficient of variation | 0.577 | 0.138 | 0.267 |
Source of Variation | p-Value (n = 12) |
---|---|
Spraying volume | 0.000 |
Nozzle size | 0.140 |
Herbicide dose | 0.186 |
Spraying volume × Nozzle size | 0.043 |
Spraying volume × Herbicide dose | 0.848 |
Nozzle size × Herbicide dose | 0.949 |
Spraying volume × Nozzle size × Herbicide dose | 0.654 |
Source of Variation | p-Value (n = 12) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Ears/m2 | No. of Kernels/Ear | Thousand Kernels Weight | Yield | |
Spraying volume | 0.327 | 0.378 | 0.275 | 0.727 |
Nozzle size | 0.642 | 0.238 | 0.847 | 0.742 |
Herbicide dose | 0.660 | 0.543 | 0.709 | 0.741 |
Spraying volume × Nozzle size | 0.843 | 0.425 | 0.506 | 0.581 |
Spraying volume × Herbicide dose | 0.660 | 0.246 | 0.464 | 0.929 |
Nozzle size × Herbicide dose | 0.707 | 0.815 | 0.167 | 0.098 |
Spraying volume × Nozzle size × Herbicide dose | 0.745 | 0.947 | 0.256 | 0.891 |
Treatment | Parameters (n = 12) | Parameters (n = 48) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spraying Volume | Nozzle Size | Dose | No. of Ears/m2 | No. of Kernels/Ear | Thousand Kernels Weight (g) | Yield (t·ha−1) | Average of Yield (t·ha−1) | Yield Loss * (%) |
180 L·ha−1 | TTI11004 | Recommended | 733.60 ± 11.19 | 24.80 ± 0.78 | 28.02 ± 0.83 | 6.35 ± 0.06 | 6.17 ± 0.06 | 9.13 |
180 L·ha−1 | TTI11003 | Recommended | 756.80 ± 12.97 | 25.17 ± 0.59 | 26.03 ± 0.94 | 6.18 ± 0.09 | ||
150 L·ha−1 | TTI11004 | Recommended | 728.00 ± 37.51 | 23.65 ± 0.35 | 26.92 ± 0.74 | 6.10 ± 0.44 | ||
150 L·ha−1 | TTI11003 | Recommended | 765.60 ± 44.27 | 24.43 ± 1.10 | 27.48 ± 0.36 | 6.06 ± 0.07 | ||
180 L·ha−1 | TTI11004 | 20% Reduced | 734.40 ± 50.47 | 24.58 ± 0.85 | 28.90 ± 0.66 | 6.48 ± 0.32 | 6.33 ± 0.08 | 6.77 |
180 L·ha−1 | TTI11003 | 20% Reduced | 888.80 ± 25.21 | 22.64 ± 0.51 | 25.65 ± 0.41 | 6.45 ± 0.24 | ||
150 L·ha−1 | TTI11004 | 20% Reduced | 663.20 ± 29.63 | 26.16 ± 0.52 | 27.43 ± 0.75 | 6.14 ± 0.18 | ||
150 L·ha−1 | TTI11003 | 20% Reduced | 685.60 ± 13.85 | 25.91 ± 0.79 | 29.27 ± 0.72 | 6.26 ± 0.17 | ||
Weedy (n = 32) | 742.40 ± 56.45 | 23.71 ± 1.06 | 26.11 ± 0.86 | 4.86 ± 0.19 | -- | -- | ||
Weed-free (n = 32) | 630.40 ± 11.16 | 25.85 ± 1.04 | 28.62 ± 0.81 | 6.79 ± 0.17 | -- | -- |
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Zhang, J.; Xu, X.; Lv, Y.; Zhao, X.; Song, J.; Yu, P.; Wang, X.; Zhao, E. Droplet Deposition and Efficacy of Real-Time Variable-Rate Application of Herbicides at Reduced Dose in Winter Wheat Fields. Agronomy 2024, 14, 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010211
Zhang J, Xu X, Lv Y, Zhao X, Song J, Yu P, Wang X, Zhao E. Droplet Deposition and Efficacy of Real-Time Variable-Rate Application of Herbicides at Reduced Dose in Winter Wheat Fields. Agronomy. 2024; 14(1):211. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010211
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jinwei, Xian Xu, Yuan Lv, Xueguan Zhao, Jian Song, Pingzhong Yu, Xiu Wang, and Ercheng Zhao. 2024. "Droplet Deposition and Efficacy of Real-Time Variable-Rate Application of Herbicides at Reduced Dose in Winter Wheat Fields" Agronomy 14, no. 1: 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010211