Morpho-Metric and Specialized Metabolites Modulation of Parsley Microgreens through Selective LED Wavebands
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Climate Chamber and Experimental Design
2.2. Parsley Microgreens Harvest, Yield, Sampling and Macro-Mineral Analysis
2.3. Morpho-Metric Measurements and Anatomical Determination of Microgreens
2.4. Assessment of Chlorophylls, Total Ascorbic Acid and Antioxidant Activities
2.5. Carotenoids Pigments and Polyphenols Quantification
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Morpho-Metric Data of Parsley Microgreens
3.2. Anatomical Data of Parsley Microgreens
3.3. Nitrate and Macro-Minerals of Parsley Microgreens
3.4. Total Chlorophylls, Carotenoids and Total Ascorbic Acids of Parsley Microgreens
3.5. Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activities of Parsley Microgreens
3.6. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Morpho-Metric and Qualitative Attributes of Parsley Microgreens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Light Treatments | Leaf Length | Leaf Width | Petiole Length | Hypocotyl Length | Cotyledon Length | Cotyledon Width |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cm) | (cm) | (cm) | (cm) | (cm) | (cm) | |
Blue | 0.84 ± 0.01 b | 0.88 ± 0.11 b | 2.32 ± 0.10 b | 2.90 ± 0.18 c | 1.35 ± 0.06 b | 0.63 ± 0.02 |
Red | 0.81 ± 0.02 b | 0.80 ± 0.03 b | 3.44 ± 0.21 a | 6.10 ± 0.16 a | 1.55 ± 0.04 a | 0.65 ± 0.02 |
RGB | 1.28 ± 0.12 a | 1.37 ± 0.07 a | 2.61 ± 0.23 b | 4.28 ± 0.24 b | 1.36 ± 0.02 b | 0.64 ± 0.01 |
Significance | ** | ** | * | *** | * | ns |
Light Treatments | Upper Epidermis Thickness | Lower Epidermis Thickness | Palisade Mesophyll Thickness | Spongy Mesophyll Thickness | Intercellular Spaces | Stomatal Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(µm) | (µm) | (µm) | (µm) | (%) | (n/mm) | |
Blue | 25.31 ± 0.10 a | 17.36 ± 0.21 | 29.50 ± 2.04 | 55.07 ± 1.96 ab | 22.19 ± 0.34 b | 4.96 ± 0.85 |
Red | 23.15 ± 0.37 b | 17.34 ± 0.40 | 23.34 ± 1.84 | 49.48 ± 0.20 b | 17.70 ± 0.60 c | 4.63 ± 0.85 |
RGB | 24.05 ± 0.45 ab | 16.46 ± 1.03 | 28.45 ± 1.99 | 58.83 ± 2.26 a | 25.70 ± 1.20 a | 6.02 ± 0.72 |
Significance | * | ns | ns | * | *** | ns |
Light Treatments | Nitrate | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | Na |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg kg−1 FW) | (g kg−1 DW) | (g kg−1 DW) | (g kg−1 DW) | (g kg−1 DW) | (g kg−1 DW) | (g kg−1 DW) | |
Blue | 2684 ± 40 c | 6.49 ± 0.16 a | 61.23 ± 0.39 a | 8.53 ± 0.27 a | 5.60 ± 0.33 | 2.25 ± 0.09 b | 5.25 ± 0.51 b |
Red | 3571 ± 152 a | 5.74 ± 0.05 b | 58.72 ± 0.71 ab | 6.45 ± 0.34 b | 5.69 ± 0.32 | 2.21 ± 0.11 b | 8.49 ± 0.22 a |
RGB | 3116 ± 12 b | 5.38 ± 0.14 b | 53.01 ± 1.37 b | 6.45 ± 0.16 b | 5.03 ± 0.10 | 3.20 ± 0.17 a | 6.73 ± 0.19 b |
Significance | *** | ** | ** | ** | ns | ** | *** |
Light Treatments | ABTS | HAA | Total Ascorbic Acid | Chlorophyll a | Chlorophyll b | Total Chlorophylls | Lutein | β-Carotene |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mmol Trolox 100 g−1 DW) | (mmol Ascorbic ac. eq. 100 g−1 DW) | (mg 100 g−1 FW) | (mg g−1 FW) | (mg g−1 FW) | (mg g−1 FW) | (mg kg−1 DW) | (mg kg−1 DW) | |
Blue | 61.99 ± 2.46 a | 10.79 ± 0.48 ab | 37.27 ± 0.24 a | 13.15 ± 0.25 a | 4.59 ± 0.21 a | 17.74 ± 0.46 a | 35.13 ± 0.53 b | 362.4 ± 11.9 a |
Red | 50.72 ± 0.81 b | 10.17 ± 0.58 b | 12.90 ± 0.70 c | 13.87 ± 0.40 a | 5.36 ± 0.29 a | 19.23 ± 0.54 a | 75.63 ± 4.47 b | 158.2 ± 9.04 b |
RGB | 49.61 ± 1.18 b | 13.88 ± 1.23 a | 20.26 ± 0.63 b | 11.00 ± 0.43 b | 3.15 ± 0.23 b | 14.15 ± 0.63 b | 153.0 ± 20.9 a | 412.7 ± 13.4 a |
Significance | ** | * | *** | ** | ** | ** | *** | *** |
Polyphenols (mg kg−1 DW) | Light Treatments | Significance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Blue | Red | RGB | ||
Apigenin | 4.60 ± 0.23 a | 3.95 ± 0.06 b | 2.12 ± 0.05 c | *** |
Apigenin-7-apiosyl-glucoside | 5068 ± 45.4 | 5056 ± 26.3 | 5095 ± 47.0 | ns |
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside | 65.8 ± 1.73 b | 49.1 ± 1.08 c | 118.1 ± 2.85 a | *** |
Apigenin-malonyl-apiosyl-glucoside | 4408 ± 63.3 b | 3380 ± 212 c | 5014 ± 46.9 a | *** |
Caffeic acid | 3.92 ± 0.01 | 3.94 ± 0.06 | 3.82 ± 0.03 | ns |
Chlorogenic acid | 11.55 ± 0.27 b | 7.83 ± 0.52 c | 13.89 ± 0.06 a | *** |
Chrysoeriol | 25.30 ± 3.81 b | 7.43 ± 0.48 c | 47.80 ± 3.26 a | *** |
Coumaric acid | 28.6 ± 0.12 b | 42.3 ± 1.09 a | 31.3 ± 0.15 b | *** |
Ferulic acid | 3.47 ± 0.00 c | 4.22 ± 0.05 a | 3.59 ± 0.00 b | *** |
Kaempferol-7-O-glucoside | 2.61 ± 0.04 a | 0.39 ± 0.08 b | 2.66 ± 0.06 a | *** |
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 5.08 ± 0.14 b | 2.88 ± 0.22 c | 7.29 ± 0.18 a | *** |
Quercetin-3-O-galactoside | 5.66 ± 0.06 b | 0.64 ± 0.03 c | 7.20 ± 0.36 a | *** |
Total polyphenols | 9632 ± 113 b | 8559 ± 208 c | 10347 ± 26.1 a | *** |
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Carillo, P.; El-Nakhel, C.; De Micco, V.; Giordano, M.; Pannico, A.; De Pascale, S.; Graziani, G.; Ritieni, A.; Soteriou, G.A.; Kyriacou, M.C.; et al. Morpho-Metric and Specialized Metabolites Modulation of Parsley Microgreens through Selective LED Wavebands. Agronomy 2022, 12, 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071502
Carillo P, El-Nakhel C, De Micco V, Giordano M, Pannico A, De Pascale S, Graziani G, Ritieni A, Soteriou GA, Kyriacou MC, et al. Morpho-Metric and Specialized Metabolites Modulation of Parsley Microgreens through Selective LED Wavebands. Agronomy. 2022; 12(7):1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071502
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarillo, Petronia, Christophe El-Nakhel, Veronica De Micco, Maria Giordano, Antonio Pannico, Stefania De Pascale, Giulia Graziani, Alberto Ritieni, Georgios A. Soteriou, Marios C. Kyriacou, and et al. 2022. "Morpho-Metric and Specialized Metabolites Modulation of Parsley Microgreens through Selective LED Wavebands" Agronomy 12, no. 7: 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071502