Recent Advances in Eco-Friendly and Scaling-Up Bioproduction of Prodigiosin and Its Potential Applications in Agriculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Production of Prodigiosin via Microbial Fermentation
2.1. Overview of the Substrate Sources for Prodigiosin Production in Liquid-State Fermentation
2.1.1. The Commercial and Low-Cost Organic Materials for Prodigiosin Production
2.1.2. The Organic Byproduct/Waste Sources for Prodigiosin Production
- Fishery Processing Byproducts
- Agro-Industrial Byproducts
- Other Organic Byproducts/Wastes for Prodigiosin Production
2.2. Overview of the Substrate Sources for Prodigiosin Production in Solid-State Fermentation
2.3. Enhancement of Prodigiosin Production by Supplementing with Nutrients
- Amino Acids
- Fatty Acids
- Microbial Cells
- Mineral Salts
- Other Factors
Supplement Ingredient | PG Yield | Unit | Enhancing Yield (Fold) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Medium | Modified Medium | ||||
dL-alanine (5 mg/L−1) | 12.7 | 19.2 | mg/L−1 | 1.5 | [96] |
l-glutamic acid, l-proline, dl-aspartic acid, and l-alanine (5 mg/L−1) | 20 | 1.6 | |||
l-glutamic acid, l-proline, dl-aspartic acid, and l-alanine (10 mg/L−1) | 22.1 | 1.7 | |||
l-tyrosine (10 mg/L−1) | 2.78 | 8.87 | mg/L−1 | 3.2 | [97] |
Soybean oil (10 mg/L−1) | 1735 | 9283 | mg/L−1 | 5.4 | [56] |
Canola oil (10 mg/L−1) | 7142 | 4.1 | |||
Olive oil (10 mg/L−1) | 11,366 | 6.6 | |||
Maize oil (10 mg/L−1) | 9119 | 5.3 | |||
Peanut oil (10 mg/L−1) | 9539 | 5.5 | |||
Tea oil (10 mg/L−1) | 10,348 | 6.0 | |||
Soybean oil (4%) | 152 | 525 | mg/L−1 | 3.5 | [53] |
Sunflower oil (6%) | 790 | 5.2 | |||
Olive oil (4%) | 579 | 3.8 | |||
Live cells of E. coli (0.4 mL/g−1) | 100.47 | 225 | mg/g−1 | 2.2 | [51] |
Live cells of B. subtili (0.4 mL/g−1) | 240 | 2.4 | |||
Live cells of S. cerevisiae (0.4 mL/g−1) | 170 | 1.7 | |||
Dead cells of E. coli (0.4 mL/g−1) | 104.47 | 170 | 1.6 | ||
Dead cells of B. subtili (0.4 mL/g−1) | 203 | 1.9 | |||
Dead cells of S. cerevisiae (0.4 mL/g−1) | 120 | 1.1 | |||
Dead cells of L. rhamnosus | 1.43 | 9.79 | mg/L−1 | 6.8 | [105] |
Live cells of E. coli | 450 | 2500 | mg/L−1 | 5.6 | [104] |
Live cells of B. subtili | 600 | 1.3 | |||
Live cells of S. cerevisiae | 2800 | 6.2 | |||
Dead cells of E. coli | 4100 | 9.2 | |||
Dead cells of B. subtili | 3500 | 7.8 | |||
Dead cells of S. cerevisiae | 4100 | 9.1 | |||
0.05% MgSO4, 0.03% K2HPO4, | 2450 | 2980 | mg/L−1 | 1.2 | [29] |
0.02% K2SO4, 0.05% K2HPO4 | 3980 | 5200 | mg/L−1 | 1.3 | [30] |
0.02% K2SO4, 0.025% Ca3(PO4)2 | 3862 | 4500 | mg/L−1 | 1.2 | [31] |
0.02% (NH4)2SO4, 0.1% K2HPO4 | 3010 | 4000 | mg/L−1 | 1.3 | [2] |
0.05% MgSO4, 0.1% K2HPO4 | 3981 | 5202 | mg/L−1 | 1.3 | [32] |
0.05% K2HPO4, 0.1% CaSO4 | 3230 | 4320 | mg/L−1 | 1.3 | [24] |
α-chitin (5/3 w/w) | 2450 | 3230 | mg/L−1 | 1.3 | [24] |
β-chitin (2/6 w/w) | 2450 | 2730 | mg/L−1 | 1.1 | [24] |
Lactose | 15 | 17.8 | mg/L−1 | 1.2 | [57] |
0.864% Sucrose | 8.567 | 9.632 | g/L−1 | 1.1 | [69] |
0.5% Maltose | 520 | 1836 | mg/L−1 | 3.5 | [61] |
0.5% Glucose | 1689 | 3.2 |
2.4. Scaling-Up Production of Prodigiosin
3. The Potential Applications of Prodigiosin in Agriculture
3.1. The Potential Applications in Agriculture: In Vitro Tests
3.1.1. Anti-Fungal Activity of Prodigiosin
3.1.2. Prodigiosin Inhibits Other Organisms That are Harmful to Crops
3.2. The Potential Applications of Prodigiosin via Studies in Greenhouses and in the Field
3.3. Mechanisms of Potential Bioactivities of Prodigiosin
3.4. The Toxicology of Prodigiosin
4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacteria | Main Substrate | Yield (mg/L−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Commercial media | |||
S.marcescens SMΔR | Luria–Bertani broth | 50 | [53] |
S. marcescens SS-1 | Luria–Bertani broth | 32 | [54] |
Yeast extract | 690 | ||
Yeast extract, axit aspartic | 1400 | ||
Yeast extract, histidine | 1400 | ||
Yeast extract, proline | 2500 | ||
S. marcescens | Tryptone, glycerol | 123 | [55] |
S. marcescens FZSF02 | Soya peptone | 1774 | [56] |
Beef extract | 1699 | ||
Tryptone | 353 | ||
Yeast extract | 380 | ||
S. marcescens | Nutrient broth | 15 | [57] |
Peptone glycerol | 12 | ||
Tryptone soy broth | 11 | ||
Luria–Bertani broth | 10 | ||
Glycerol beef broth | 8 | ||
S. marcescens | Nutrient broth | 510 | [58] |
Peptone glycerol broth | 300 | ||
Nutrient broth, maltose | 1820 | ||
Pseudomonas putida | Luria–Bertani broth | 17 | [59] |
Terrific broth | 94 | ||
S. marcescens JNB 5-1 | Luria–Bertani broth | 5830 | [60] |
Low-cost organic materials | |||
S.marcescens SMΔR | 4% soybean oil, Luria–Bertani broth | 525 | [53] |
4% olive oil, Luria–Bertani broth | 579 | ||
6% sunflower oil, Luria–Bertani broth | 790 | ||
S. marcescens FZSF02 | Peanut powder | 3762 | [56] |
Peanut powder, soya peptone | 1588 | ||
Peanut powder, beef extract | 5062 | ||
Fish meal | 0 | ||
Soybean powder | 0 | ||
Corn steep liquor | 0 | ||
Peanut powder, olive oil, beef extract | 13,622 | ||
S. marcescens | Peanut seed broth | 37,600 | [58] |
Sesame seed broth | 16,500 | ||
S. marcescens | Peanut seed broth | 38,750 | [61] |
Peanut oil broth | 2890 | ||
Sesame seed broth | 16,680 | ||
Sesame oil broth | 767 | ||
Copra seed broth | 1940 | ||
Coconut oil broth | 1420 | ||
S. marcescens | Peanut powder, defatted soybean flour | 1282 | [62] |
S. marcescens BWL1001 | Soybean oil, peptone (100/10) | 27,650 | [63] |
Streptomyces fusant NRCF69 | Peanut seed broth | 42,030 | [64] |
Sunflower oil broth | 40,110 | ||
Organic byproduct/waste source | |||
Fishery processing byproducts | |||
S. marcescens TNU02 | Demineralized crab shell powder | 4514 | [2] |
S. marcescens TNU01 | Squid pen powder | 3790 | [29] |
S. marcescens TNU01 | Demineralized shrimp shell powder | 5910 | [30] |
S. marcescens CC17 | Shrimp head powder | 5355 | [31] |
S. marcescens TKU011 | Squid pen powder | 978 | [65] |
Agro-industrial byproducts | |||
S. marcescens TNU01 | Cassava wastewater | 5202 | [32] |
S. marcescens TUN02 | Peanut oil cake | 5380 | [33] |
S. marcescens UCP 1549 | Cassava wastewater | 49,500 | [66] |
S. marcescens | Peanut oil cake | 40.9 | [67] |
S. marcescens CF-53 | Peanut oil cake | 39,800 | [68] |
S. marcescens | Soybean meal | 9632 | [69] |
S. marcescens UCP 1549 | Corn bran | 1680 | [70] |
S. marcescens MO-1 | Ram horn peptone | 277.74 | [71] |
S. marcescens UTM1 | Brown sugar | 8109 | [72] |
Streptomyces fusant NRCF69 | Dairy processing wastewater broth, | 36,700 | [64] |
Dairy processing wastewater broth, 0.5% mannitol | 47,000 | ||
Other byproducts/wastes | |||
S. marcescens UCCM 00009 | Feather and waste frying oil | 9660 | [34] |
S. marcescens | Food waste, Rice husk | 7890 | [73] |
S. marcescens NPLR1 | Tannery solid waste fleshing | 33,000 | [74] |
S. marcescens | Kitchen waste, peptone, proline | 890 | [75] |
Bacteria | Main Substrate | Yield (mg/g−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
S. marcescens | Ground corn | 3.4 | [51] |
Wheat bran | 47.5 | ||
Rice husk | 11.7 | ||
Soya bean ground | 10.2 | ||
Wheat bran, sunflower oil, live cells of Bacillus subtilis | 240 | ||
S. marcescens UCP 1549 | Soybean oil waste, wheat bran | 119.8 | [82] |
Wheat bran | 119.8 | ||
Sugarcane bagasse | 1.8 | ||
Instant noodle waste | 66.2 | ||
Tangerine peels | 22.1 | ||
Pineapple peels | 18.57 | ||
Pineapple crown | 31.47 | ||
S. marcescens Xd-1 | Bagasse | 20.13 | [83] |
Wood powder | 15 | ||
Wheat straw powder | 10.6 | ||
Bagasse, glycerol, bagasse soy peptone | 40.86 | ||
S. marcescens | Tannery fleshing waste | 70.4 | [84] |
S. marcescens UCP/WFCC1549 | Mannitol | 3.2 | [85] |
S. matodiphilia NCIM 5606 | Wheat bran | 1.307 mg/L−1 | [86] |
Sweet lemon peel | 0.169 mg/L−1 | ||
Orange peel | 0.149 mg/L−1 | ||
Pigeon pea peel | 0.008 mg/L−1 | ||
Rice bran | 0.066 mg/L−1 | ||
S. marcescens wild | Peanut powder | 858 | [90] |
S. marcescens EMS5 | 1304 |
Strain | Substrate | Max Prodigiosin Yield (mg/L−1) in Fermentation Time (hours) | Culture Volume (L)/Bioreactor (L) | Enhancing Yield (Fold) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In Flask | Bioreactor | |||||
S. marcescens TUN02 | demineralized crab shell powder, casein, (NH4)2SO4, K2HPO4 | 4514 (36 h) | 5100 (8 h) | 4.5 L (15 L) | 1.1 | [2] |
S. marcescens TNU01 | Squid pens powder, K2HPO4, MgSO4 | 3790 (48 h) | 3450 (12 h) | 3 L (10 L) | - | [29] |
S. marcescens TUN02 | Demineralized shrimp shell powder, casein, K2SO4, K2HPO4 | 5910 (36 h) | 6200 (8 h) | 5 L (15 L) | 1 | [30] |
S. marcescens CC17 | Shrimp head powder, casein, K2SO4, Ca3(PO4)2 | 5355 (60 h) | 6310 (8 h) | 6.75 L (12 L) | 1.2 | [31] |
S. marcescens TNU01 | Cassava wastewater, casein, MgSO4, K2HPO4 | 5202 (48 h) | 6150 (8 h) | 7 L (14 L) | 1.1 | [32] |
S. marcescens TUN02 | Peanut oil cake | 5380 (48 h) | 6886 (10 h) | 4 L (14 L) | 1.3 | [33] |
S. marcescens | Peanut oil cake | 40.9 (30 h) | 50 (30 h) | 1.5 L (3 L) | 1.2 | [67] |
S. marcescens CF-53 | Peanut oil cake | 39,800 (42 h) | 40,000 (42 h) | 1 L (2 L) | 1 | [68] |
S. marcescens UTM1 | Brown sugar | 237 (24 h) | 8109 (24 h) | 5L (5L) | 34.2 | [72] |
S. marcescens B6 | Two-step feeding strategy with glycerol | ND | 583 (30 h) | 2.5 L (5 L) | ND | [115] |
Hahella chejuensis | Glucose (Continuous fermentation) | 448.1 (24 h) | 2280 (49 h) | 5 L (10 L) | 5 | [116] |
1305 (240 h) | 100 L (200 L) | 2.9 | ||||
S. marcescens NS-17 | Maltose, peptone, Tween-80, soybean oil, NaCl, KCl | 60.5 (56 h) | 4644.6 (56 h) | 47.8 L (50 L) | 76.7 | [117] |
Serratia sp. KH-95 | HP-20 resin, casein, K2HPO4, MgSO4, NaCl | ND | 13,100 (30 h) | 1 L (2.5 L) | ND | [118] |
S. marcescens | Sucrose, peptone | 391.1 (48 h) | 595 (48 h) | 6.5 L (7 L) | 1.5 | [119] |
S. marcescens ATCC 27117 | Nutrient broth | 13,600 (24 h) | 7800 (20 h) | 3 L (4.5 L) | - | [120] |
S. marcescens BS 303 | Peptone, glycerol, mineral broth, TritonX-114 | 540 (24 h) | 872 (62 h) | 0.935 L (1.5 L) | ND | [122] |
Serratia AM8887 | Fertilizer waste, sucrose, glycerol, NaCl | ND | 7316 (19 h) | 17.8 L (20 L) | ND | [123] |
Fungi | The Unit of Antifungal Activity | Value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus flavus | MIC—Minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/mL) | 10 | [23] |
Fusarium oxysporum | 8 | ||
Aspergillus niger | 230 | [74] | |
Fusarium moniliforme | 210 | ||
Helminthosporium sativum | Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) | 42 | [100] |
Curvularia lunata | 40 | ||
Alternaria alternate | 40 | ||
Fusarium oxysporum | 30 | ||
Cercospora apii | 24 | ||
Rhizoctonia solani | 11 | ||
Alternaria sp. | MIC—Minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/mL) | 80 | [124] |
Fusarium sp. | 160 | ||
Didymella applanata | IC50—Concentration to inhibit 50% fungal (nmol/mL) | 2.5 | [127] |
Phoma lingam | Hyphal growth diameter (%) | 25 | [128] |
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | 60 | ||
Botrytis cinerea | Inhibition of spore germination (%) | 0–80 | [129] |
Mycosphaerella fijiensis | IC50—Concentration to inhibit 50% fungal (µg/mL) | 996 | [130] |
Inhibits growing germ tubes (%) | 63 | ||
Cochliobolus miyabeanus | Growth inhibition (%) | 83.3 | [131] |
Fusarium moniliforme | 5.9 | ||
F. oxysporum f. sp. allii | 17.6 | ||
F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani | 16.3 | ||
F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum | 23.5 | ||
F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae | 1.2 | ||
F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae | 17.8 | ||
F. roseum | 5.8 | ||
F. solani var. coeruleum | 14.3 | ||
F. ventricosum | 11.1 | ||
Phytophthora cactorum | 89.7 | ||
P. capsici | 63.5 | ||
P. castaneae | 74.5 | ||
P. citrophthora | 85.1 | ||
P. infestans sp. | 80.5–83.2 | ||
P. melonis | 93 | ||
Pyricularia oryzae | 28.8 | ||
Pythium spinosum | 66.4 | ||
Pythium ultimum | 44.2 | ||
Rhizoctonia solani sp. | 17.6–52.9 | ||
Pythium myriotylum | Growth inhibition (%) | 71.33 | [132] |
Rhizoctonia solani | 61.33 | ||
Sclerotium rolfsii | 49.33 | ||
Phytophthora infestans | 48.66 | ||
Fusarium oxysporum | 31 | ||
Colletotrichum nymphaeae | Inhibits germination (%) | 100 | [133] |
Object | The Unit of Activity | Value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | |||
Acidovonax avenae | MAC—The maximal allowable concentration (µg/mL−1) | 50 | [131] |
Agrobacterium tumefaciens | 50 | ||
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganesis | 6.3 | ||
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora | 25 | ||
E. herbicola | 50 | ||
Pseudomonas cichorii | >100 | ||
P. fluorecens | >100 | ||
P. gladioli pv. gladioli | >100 | ||
P. glumae | >100 | ||
P. mariginalis pv. marginalis | >100 | ||
P. syringae pv. lachrymans | >100 | ||
P. syringae pv. mori | >100 | ||
P. syringae pv. phaseolicola | >100 | ||
P. syringae pv. pisi | >100 | ||
Ralstonia solanacearum sp. | >100 | ||
Xanthomonas campetris pv. campestris | 25 | ||
X. campetris pv. carotae | 50 | ||
X. campetris pv. oryzae | 25.5 | ||
Nematode | |||
Heterodera schachtii | IC50 (μM) | 13.3 | [128] |
Radopholus similis | IC50 (µg/mL−1) | 83 | [134] |
Meloidogyne javanica | 79 | ||
Meloidogyne incognita | IC50—Anti juvenile (mg/mL−1) | 0.2 | [33] |
IC50—Anti egg-hatching (mg/mL−1) | 0.32 | ||
IC50—Anti juvenile (mg/mL−1) | 31.9 | [135] | |
Insect | |||
Diaphorina citri | The inhibitory rate of oviposition (%) | 42 | [136] |
The moderate inhibitory rate of egg hatch (%) | 26 | ||
Helicoverpa armigera | Larval mortality rate (%) | 70–100 | [137] |
Spodoptera litura | |||
Drosophila | IC50—Anti larval (ppm) | 230 | [138] |
IC50—Anti larval (g/L−1) | 0.23 | [65] | |
Spodoptera litura | The mortality at 8µg/g diet (%) | 3 | [139] |
Plutella xylostella | 96 | ||
Adoxophyes honmai | 12 |
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Nguyen, T.H.; Wang, S.-L.; Nguyen, V.B. Recent Advances in Eco-Friendly and Scaling-Up Bioproduction of Prodigiosin and Its Potential Applications in Agriculture. Agronomy 2022, 12, 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123099
Nguyen TH, Wang S-L, Nguyen VB. Recent Advances in Eco-Friendly and Scaling-Up Bioproduction of Prodigiosin and Its Potential Applications in Agriculture. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123099
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Thi Hanh, San-Lang Wang, and Van Bon Nguyen. 2022. "Recent Advances in Eco-Friendly and Scaling-Up Bioproduction of Prodigiosin and Its Potential Applications in Agriculture" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 3099. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123099