Distribution of Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds: Contamination and Associated Risk Assessment in the Han River Watershed, South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.2. Chemicals, Sampling, and Analytical Procedure
2.3. Risk Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
3.2. Factor and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3.3. Potential Risk Assessment for Human Health
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Mean Conc. (µg/L) | Min Conc. (µg/L) | Max Conc. (µg/L) | Frequency Detected (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | 2.375 | 0.120 | 42.220 | 100 |
As | 1.339 | 0.120 | 5.580 | 100 |
Hg | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.045 | 100 |
Aldicab | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Methomyl | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Molinate | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.030 | 5 |
MCPA | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Carbaryl | ND | ND | ND | ND |
2,4-D | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Carbofuran | 0.051 | 0.002 | 0.560 | 75 |
Bisphenol A | 0.040 | 0.004 | 0.644 | 47 |
Quinoline | 0.020 | 0.003 | 0.388 | 32 |
Variables | PC 1 | PC 2 | PC 3 |
---|---|---|---|
As | 0.754 | −0.083 | 0.303 |
Carbofuran | 0.744 | −0.020 | −0.141 |
Bisphenol A | 0.713 | 0.415 | −0.023 |
Cr | 0.248 | 0.870 | 0.074 |
Quinoline | −0.490 | 0.657 | −0.112 |
Hg | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.973 |
Eigenvalues | 1.931 | 1.368 | 1.077 |
% of Variance | 32.183 | 22.800 | 17.950 |
Cumulative variance % | 32.183 | 54.982 | 72.933 |
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Im, J.K.; Noh, H.R.; Kang, T.; Kim, S.H. Distribution of Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds: Contamination and Associated Risk Assessment in the Han River Watershed, South Korea. Agronomy 2022, 12, 3022. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123022
Im JK, Noh HR, Kang T, Kim SH. Distribution of Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds: Contamination and Associated Risk Assessment in the Han River Watershed, South Korea. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3022. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123022
Chicago/Turabian StyleIm, Jong Kwon, Hye Ran Noh, Taegu Kang, and Sang Hun Kim. 2022. "Distribution of Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds: Contamination and Associated Risk Assessment in the Han River Watershed, South Korea" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 3022. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123022