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Polymers
Volume 18
Issue 1
10.3390/polym18010023
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Article

Developing Active Modified Starch-Based Films Incorporated with Ultrasound-Assisted Muña (Minthostachys mollis) Essential Oil Nanoemulsions

by
José Antonio Flores-Bao
1,
Luis Jaime Pérez-Córdoba
2,
Patricia Martínez-Tapia
2,*,
Fiorela Peña-Carrasco
3,
Paulo José do Amaral Sobral
4,5,
Izabel Freitas Moraes
4 and
Carmen Velezmoro-Sánchez
2,*
1
Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia de Alimentos, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru
2
Departamento de Ingeniería de Alimentos, Facultad de Industrias Alimentarias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru
3
Programa de Doctorado en Nutrición, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n, La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru
4
Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
5
Food Research Center (FoRC), University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, Semi-Industrial Building, Block C, São Paulo 05508-080, SP, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2026, 18(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18010023
Submission received: 17 September 2025 / Revised: 7 November 2025 / Accepted: 11 November 2025 / Published: 22 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer-Based Materials for Edible Food Packaging)
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Abstract

In this study, an I-optimal design was used to select an optimal muña essential oil nanoemulsion (MEO-NE) for application in active starch-based films. Four independent variables were used to optimize the process: emulsifier concentration (X1) (% w/w), sonication time (X2) (min), essential oil concentration (X3) (% w/w), and emulsifier type (X4) (Tween 80 or sapote gum). Results revealed that MEO-NE containing 5.24% of MEO, 6% Tween® 80, and 9 min of ultrasound treatment exhibited a small droplet size (Y1) (48.6 nm), moderate ζ-potential (Y2) (−15 mV), and DPPH inhibition (Y3) (95.6%). Starch-based films were incorporated with optimized MEO-NE at 5% (F1) and 10% (F2) and compared with control films (F0). F1 and F2 exhibited lower moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability than F0; however, their contact angles were higher. The addition of MEO-NE into the polymeric matrix increased the stiffness of F1 and F2; however, the elongation at yield was slightly lower than that of F0, resulting in less stretchable composite films. All films were disintegrated by more than 90% after 5 days of burial under composting conditions. The incorporation of MEO-NE into composite films significantly enhanced their properties, suggesting their potential use as eco-friendly packaging.
Keywords: Minthostachys mollis; tunta starch; I-optimal design; essential oil nanoemulsions; active films Minthostachys mollis; tunta starch; I-optimal design; essential oil nanoemulsions; active films

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MDPI and ACS Style

Flores-Bao, J.A.; Pérez-Córdoba, L.J.; Martínez-Tapia, P.; Peña-Carrasco, F.; Sobral, P.J.d.A.; Moraes, I.F.; Velezmoro-Sánchez, C. Developing Active Modified Starch-Based Films Incorporated with Ultrasound-Assisted Muña (Minthostachys mollis) Essential Oil Nanoemulsions. Polymers 2026, 18, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18010023

AMA Style

Flores-Bao JA, Pérez-Córdoba LJ, Martínez-Tapia P, Peña-Carrasco F, Sobral PJdA, Moraes IF, Velezmoro-Sánchez C. Developing Active Modified Starch-Based Films Incorporated with Ultrasound-Assisted Muña (Minthostachys mollis) Essential Oil Nanoemulsions. Polymers. 2026; 18(1):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18010023

Chicago/Turabian Style

Flores-Bao, José Antonio, Luis Jaime Pérez-Córdoba, Patricia Martínez-Tapia, Fiorela Peña-Carrasco, Paulo José do Amaral Sobral, Izabel Freitas Moraes, and Carmen Velezmoro-Sánchez. 2026. "Developing Active Modified Starch-Based Films Incorporated with Ultrasound-Assisted Muña (Minthostachys mollis) Essential Oil Nanoemulsions" Polymers 18, no. 1: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18010023

APA Style

Flores-Bao, J. A., Pérez-Córdoba, L. J., Martínez-Tapia, P., Peña-Carrasco, F., Sobral, P. J. d. A., Moraes, I. F., & Velezmoro-Sánchez, C. (2026). Developing Active Modified Starch-Based Films Incorporated with Ultrasound-Assisted Muña (Minthostachys mollis) Essential Oil Nanoemulsions. Polymers, 18(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18010023

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