Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)

Sag, Jacob; Kukla, Philipp; Goedderz, Daniela; Roch, Hendrik; Kabasci, Stephan; Döring, Manfred; Schönberger, Frank

doi:10.3390/polym12040778

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)

by

Jacob Sag

¹,

Philipp Kukla

¹,

Daniela Goedderz

¹,

Hendrik Roch

²,

Stephan Kabasci

²

,

Manfred Döring

¹

and

Frank Schönberger

^1,*

¹

Department of Polymer Synthesis, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Schlossgartenstraße 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany

²

Department of Bio-based Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology, UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, D-46047 Oberhausen, Germany

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Polymers 2020, 12(4), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040778

Submission received: 28 February 2020 / Revised: 23 March 2020 / Accepted: 24 March 2020 / Published: 1 April 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials II- Bio-Inspired and Environmentally-Benign Formulations and Methods)

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Abstract

Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.

Keywords: polylactic acid; phosphorus-based flame retardant; acrylate-based flame retardant

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sag, J.; Kukla, P.; Goedderz, D.; Roch, H.; Kabasci, S.; Döring, M.; Schönberger, F. Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid). Polymers 2020, 12, 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040778

AMA Style

Sag J, Kukla P, Goedderz D, Roch H, Kabasci S, Döring M, Schönberger F. Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid). Polymers. 2020; 12(4):778. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040778

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sag, Jacob, Philipp Kukla, Daniela Goedderz, Hendrik Roch, Stephan Kabasci, Manfred Döring, and Frank Schönberger. 2020. "Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)" Polymers 12, no. 4: 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040778

APA Style

Sag, J., Kukla, P., Goedderz, D., Roch, H., Kabasci, S., Döring, M., & Schönberger, F. (2020). Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid). Polymers, 12(4), 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040778

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Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)

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