Effect of Veneer-Drying Temperature on Selected Properties and Formaldehyde Emission of Birch Plywood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Plywood Panel Manufacturing
2.3. Panel Testing
2.4. Formaldehyde Release from Plywood
2.5. Analysis of Variance
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Shear Strength of Plywood Samples
3.2. Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood Samples
3.3. Bending Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Plywood Samples
- -
- along the fibres, between 118.1 and 139.7 MPa/131.0–172.8 MPa and 9301.5–10988.3 MPa/9930.4–13924.5 MPa, respectively;
- -
- across the fibres, between 24.2 and 27.8 MPa/25.5–31.2 MPa and 981.9–1351.6 MPa/1197.3–1560.7 MPa, respectively.
3.4. Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling of Plywood Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients of Adhesive | Parts by Weight | |
---|---|---|
Urea–formaldehyde | UF resin (with 66% solid) | 100 |
Wheat flour | 15 | |
Hardener | 4 | |
Phenol–formaldehyde | PF resin (with 47% solid) | 100 |
Test No. | Manufacturing Conditions | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adhesive Type | Type of Drier | Temperature of Veneer Drying (°C) | Adhesive Spread Rate (g/m2) | Pressing Pressure (MPa) | Pressing Temperature (°C) | Pressing Time (min) | |
1 | UF | SD | 160 | 160 | 1.8 | 105 | 5/6 * |
2 | SD | 185 | |||||
3 | GD | 180 | |||||
4 | GD | 240 | |||||
5 | GD | 280 | |||||
6 | PF | SD | 160 | 160 | 1.8 | 145 | 5/6 * |
7 | SD | 185 | |||||
8 | GD | 180 | |||||
9 | GD | 240 | |||||
10 | GD | 280 |
Drying Temperature (°C) | Moisture Content (%) | Shear Strength (MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UF | PF | ||||
Dry Test | Wet Test | Dry Test | Wet Test | ||
160 °C/SD (control) | 6.6 | 2.27 (0.19) A | 1.81 (0.17) A | 2.97 (0.24) B | 1.78 (0.19) B |
185 °C/SD | 5.5 | 3.09 (0.22) C | 2.52 (0.12) B | 3.23 (0.12) C | 1.92 (0.16) B |
180 °C/GD | 6.2 | 3.02 (0.28) C | 2.67 (0.12) C | 2.57 (0.22) A | 1.85 (0.10) B |
240 °C/GD | 4.7 | 3.08 (0.20) C | 2.69 (0.18) C | 2.60 (0.21) A | 1.93 (0.23) B |
280 °C/GD | 4.8 | 2.75 (0.15) B | 2.48 (0.21) B | 2.56 (0.18) A | 1.61 (0.11) A |
Drying Temperature (°C) | Bending Strength (MPa) | Modulus of Elasticity (MPa) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UF | PF | UF | PF | |||||
MOR (‖) | MOR (ꓕ) | MOR (‖) | MOR (ꓕ) | MOE (‖) | MOE (ꓕ) | MOE (‖) | MOE (ꓕ) | |
160 °C/SD (control) | 130.5 (7.1) B | 26.2 (2.6) AB | 161.0 (9.9) C | 31.1 (5.1) C | 11,275.5 (905.9) B | 1229.6 (92.3) C | 14,888.3 (976.9) E | 1363.6 (135.6) B |
185 °C/SD | 118.1 (8.4) A | 25.1 (1.8) A | 145.8 (11.3) B | 29.6 (2.7) BC | 9301.5 (898.2) A | 1135.3 (64.2) B | 11,625.3 (471.3) B | 1277.5 (69.6) AB |
180 °C/GD | 126.3 (4.9) B | 24.2 (1.4) A | 146.6 (9.9) B | 27.0 (3.2) AB | 10,852.7 (786.5) B | 981.9 (22.0) A | 12,686.1 (858.0) C | 1232.8 (117.2) A |
240 °C/GD | 133.6 (10.4) BC | 25.5 (2.3) A | 131.0 (6.6) A | 25.5 (2.3) A | 9738.2 (901.5) A | 1111.4 (107.6) B | 9930.4 (620.3) A | 1197.3 (118.1) A |
280 °C/GD | 139.7 (7.6) C | 27.8 (3.0) B | 172.8 (11.4) D | 31.2 (4.5) C | 10,988.3 (743.4) B | 1351.6 (99.8) D | 13,924.5 (1015.4) D | 1560.7 (111.1) C |
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Bekhta, P.; Sedliačik, J.; Bekhta, N. Effect of Veneer-Drying Temperature on Selected Properties and Formaldehyde Emission of Birch Plywood. Polymers 2020, 12, 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030593
Bekhta P, Sedliačik J, Bekhta N. Effect of Veneer-Drying Temperature on Selected Properties and Formaldehyde Emission of Birch Plywood. Polymers. 2020; 12(3):593. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030593
Chicago/Turabian StyleBekhta, Pavlo, Ján Sedliačik, and Nataliya Bekhta. 2020. "Effect of Veneer-Drying Temperature on Selected Properties and Formaldehyde Emission of Birch Plywood" Polymers 12, no. 3: 593. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030593