Advanced Ga2O3/Lignin and ZrO2/Lignin Hybrid Microplatforms for Glucose Oxidase Immobilization: Evaluation of Biosensing Properties by Catalytic Glucose Oxidation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Surface Morphology
2.2. Zeta Potential, Mean Hydrodynamic Diameter, PdI, and Elemental Analysis of Microplatforms
2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) Analysis
2.4. Thermal Stability
2.5. Efficiency of Glucose Oxidase (GOx) Immobilization
2.6. Electrochemical Properties of Electrocatalytic Microplatforms with Immobilized Glucose Oxidase
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Chemicals
3.2. Modification of Metal Oxide Materials
3.3. Activation of Lignin and Synthesis of Ga2O3/Lignin and ZrO2/Lignin Supports
3.4. Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Ga2O3/Lignin and ZrO2/Lignin Supports
3.5. Construction of an Enzymatic Biosensor
3.6. Physicochemical Analysis
3.7. Electrochemical Study
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Content of Elements by Weight (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ga | Zr | O | C | S | Na | I | |
Ga2O3 | 72.9 | - | 27.1 | - | - | - | - |
ZrO2 | - | 67.6 | 32.4 | - | - | - | - |
Ga2O3/Lig | 29.0 | - | 22.3 | 46.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
ZrO2/Lig | - | 27.3 | 25.5 | 42.9 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.7 |
Sample | Zeta Potential (mV) | Mean Hydrodynamic Diameter (nm) | PdI |
---|---|---|---|
Ga2O3 | −32.2 | 930–1472 | 0.35 |
ZrO2 | −33.5 | 269–283 | 0.29 |
Ga2O3 (modified) | −28.2 | 1408–1932 | 0.41 |
ZrO2 (modified) | −29.4 | 348–380 | 0.37 |
Lignin | −42.1 | 280–348 | 0.19 |
Ga2O3/lignin | −35.8 | 1566–2251 | 0.69 |
ZrO2/lignin | −36.1 | 656–785 | 0.57 |
Sample | Elemental Content (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | C | H | S | |
kraft lignin | 50.36 ± 0.13 | 5.79 ± 0.04 | 3.15 ± 0.08 | |
kraft lignin (activated) * | 52.27 ± 0.15 | 5.09 ± 0.02 | 2.77 ± 0.05 | |
Ga2O3 | ||||
ZrO2 | ||||
Ga2O3 (modified) ** | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 5.82 ± 0.04 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | |
ZrO2 (modified) ** | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 5.64 ± 0.03 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | |
Ga2O3/Lig | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 19.97 ± 0.01 | 2.38 ± 0.02 | 2.22 ± 0.01 |
ZrO2/Lig | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 19.38 ± 0.04 | 2.34 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.01 |
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Jędrzak, A.; Rębiś, T.; Kuznowicz, M.; Kołodziejczak-Radzimska, A.; Zdarta, J.; Piasecki, A.; Jesionowski, T. Advanced Ga2O3/Lignin and ZrO2/Lignin Hybrid Microplatforms for Glucose Oxidase Immobilization: Evaluation of Biosensing Properties by Catalytic Glucose Oxidation. Catalysts 2019, 9, 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9121044
Jędrzak A, Rębiś T, Kuznowicz M, Kołodziejczak-Radzimska A, Zdarta J, Piasecki A, Jesionowski T. Advanced Ga2O3/Lignin and ZrO2/Lignin Hybrid Microplatforms for Glucose Oxidase Immobilization: Evaluation of Biosensing Properties by Catalytic Glucose Oxidation. Catalysts. 2019; 9(12):1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9121044
Chicago/Turabian StyleJędrzak, Artur, Tomasz Rębiś, Maria Kuznowicz, Agnieszka Kołodziejczak-Radzimska, Jakub Zdarta, Adam Piasecki, and Teofil Jesionowski. 2019. "Advanced Ga2O3/Lignin and ZrO2/Lignin Hybrid Microplatforms for Glucose Oxidase Immobilization: Evaluation of Biosensing Properties by Catalytic Glucose Oxidation" Catalysts 9, no. 12: 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9121044