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Volume 16
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Article

Peroxymonosulfate-Activated Magnetic Nanobiochar/TiO2 for Photocatalytic Dye Mineralization: Performance Evaluation, Mechanism and Reaction Pathways

by
Anchal Rawat
1,
Navneet Kaur
1,
Chirag G. Makvana
2,
Harvinder Singh Sohal
1,*,
Manvinder Kaur
3,
Ankush Mehta
4,
Ketankumar A Ganure
5 and
Mohd Rafatullah
6,*
1
Materials and Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gokul Global University, Sidhpur 384151, Gujarat, India
3
Chitkara School of Planning and Architecture, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
4
School of Engineering and Technology, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram 122103, Haryana, India
5
Department of Chemistry, Dr. D Y Patil Institute of Technology, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
6
Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, P.O. Box 1664, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2026, 16(7), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16070585
Submission received: 2 April 2026 / Revised: 10 May 2026 / Accepted: 11 May 2026 / Published: 26 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Catalysts: Recent Advances in Environmental Catalysis)
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Abstract

The discharge of dye-loaded textile effluents poses serious environmental concerns due to their high stability. In this study, a magnetic Fe2O3/TiO2/NBC (FNT) heterostructure, derived from Cannabis sativa-based nanobiochar (NBC), was developed for crystal violet (CrV) degradation via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The crystalline structure, surface functional groups, morphology, and elemental composition were analyzed using advanced characterized of the synthesized catalyst. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the presence of Fe3+, Ti4+, and abundant surface oxygen species. Under UV light, efficient electron transfer across the FNT interface promoted PMS decomposition into hydroxyl and sulphate radicals. Electrochemical results indicated reduced charge recombination and enhanced electron mobility. Under optimal conditions (PMS = 75 mg/L, FNT = 30 mg/L, pH 7), 98.9% CrV degradation was achieved within 120 min. The catalyst maintained over 97% efficiency after five cycles, demonstrating excellent stability and reusability. Overall, this research demonstrates a robust and sustainable catalytic system for efficient dye degradation, offering strong potential for practical wastewater treatment applications.
Keywords: wastewater treatment; photocatalysis; peroxymonosulfate activation; advanced oxidation process; dye degradation; magnetic photocatalyst wastewater treatment; photocatalysis; peroxymonosulfate activation; advanced oxidation process; dye degradation; magnetic photocatalyst
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MDPI and ACS Style

Rawat, A.; Kaur, N.; Makvana, C.G.; Sohal, H.S.; Kaur, M.; Mehta, A.; Ganure, K.A.; Rafatullah, M. Peroxymonosulfate-Activated Magnetic Nanobiochar/TiO2 for Photocatalytic Dye Mineralization: Performance Evaluation, Mechanism and Reaction Pathways. Catalysts 2026, 16, 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16070585

AMA Style

Rawat A, Kaur N, Makvana CG, Sohal HS, Kaur M, Mehta A, Ganure KA, Rafatullah M. Peroxymonosulfate-Activated Magnetic Nanobiochar/TiO2 for Photocatalytic Dye Mineralization: Performance Evaluation, Mechanism and Reaction Pathways. Catalysts. 2026; 16(7):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16070585

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rawat, Anchal, Navneet Kaur, Chirag G. Makvana, Harvinder Singh Sohal, Manvinder Kaur, Ankush Mehta, Ketankumar A Ganure, and Mohd Rafatullah. 2026. "Peroxymonosulfate-Activated Magnetic Nanobiochar/TiO2 for Photocatalytic Dye Mineralization: Performance Evaluation, Mechanism and Reaction Pathways" Catalysts 16, no. 7: 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16070585

APA Style

Rawat, A., Kaur, N., Makvana, C. G., Sohal, H. S., Kaur, M., Mehta, A., Ganure, K. A., & Rafatullah, M. (2026). Peroxymonosulfate-Activated Magnetic Nanobiochar/TiO2 for Photocatalytic Dye Mineralization: Performance Evaluation, Mechanism and Reaction Pathways. Catalysts, 16(7), 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16070585

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