Author Contributions
Conceptualization, D.T.; methodology, K.A.; validation, D.T. and K.A.; formal analysis, A.B.; investigation, A.B.; resources, K.A. and A.B.; data curation, A.B.; writing—original draft preparation, A.B.; writing—review and editing, A.B., D.T., and K.A.; visualization, A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Appendix A
The tables below display data on the LGAs of greater Melbourne and Sydney. Each row represents an LGA, and the other columns depict the land area of the LGA in square kilometres (sqkm), population (Pop), population density (Psqkm), number of residential mesh blocks (MBR), number of blank spots (BL), percentage of blank spots (MBBl), and the percentage of the population in blank spots (PB).
Table A1.
LGA populations and blank spot details of Melbourne.
Table A1.
LGA populations and blank spot details of Melbourne.
LGA | sqkm | Pop | Psqkm | MBR | BL | MBBl | PB |
---|
Banyule | 62.54 | 125,282 | 2003 | 1302 | 45 | 3.5% | 3.5% |
Bayside (Vic.) | 37.21 | 100,172 | 2692 | 1019 | 7 | 0.7% | 0.6% |
Boroondara | 60.18 | 164,178 | 2728 | 1793 | 11 | 0.6% | 0.5% |
Brimbank | 123.40 | 193,118 | 1565 | 1710 | 70 | 4.1% | 4.3% |
Cardinia | 1282.57 | 103,446 | 81 | 945 | 250 | 26.5% | 26.5% |
Casey | 409.43 | 360,576 | 881 | 3007 | 294 | 9.8% | 9.0% |
Darebin | 53.47 | 146,238 | 2735 | 1582 | 4 | 0.3% | 0.3% |
Frankston | 129.60 | 137,873 | 1064 | 1485 | 100 | 6.7% | 7.8% |
Glen Eira | 38.69 | 147,124 | 3803 | 1553 | 1 | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Greater Dandenong | 129.55 | 156,922 | 1211 | 1447 | 29 | 2.0% | 2.2% |
Hobsons Bay | 64.24 | 90,853 | 1414 | 906 | 23 | 2.5% | 2.6% |
Hume | 503.85 | 240,150 | 477 | 2078 | 210 | 10.1% | 8.6% |
Kingston (Vic.) | 91.37 | 155,869 | 1706 | 1686 | 43 | 2.6% | 2.9% |
Knox | 113.91 | 157,039 | 1379 | 1414 | 58 | 4.1% | 4.2% |
Manningham | 113.35 | 122,505 | 1081 | 1167 | 34 | 2.9% | 2.8% |
Maribyrnong | 31.23 | 83,558 | 2676 | 884 | 8 | 0.9% | 0.8% |
Maroondah | 61.41 | 114,568 | 1866 | 1156 | 57 | 4.9% | 5.4% |
Melbourne | 37.55 | 130,785 | 3483 | 852 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Melton | 527.54 | 174,364 | 331 | 1482 | 300 | 20.2% | 17.7% |
Merri-bek | 50.95 | 168,291 | 3303 | 1704 | 2 | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Monash | 81.48 | 185,883 | 2281 | 1789 | 90 | 5.0% | 5.2% |
Moonee Valley | 43.14 | 117,397 | 2721 | 1210 | 12 | 1.0% | 1.1% |
Mornington Peninsula | 723.99 | 159,447 | 220 | 2261 | 658 | 29.1% | 30.7% |
Nillumbik | 432.34 | 54,622 | 126 | 502 | 60 | 12.0% | 10.4% |
Port Phillip | 20.61 | 98,346 | 4771 | 1252 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Stonnington | 25.65 | 101,150 | 3943 | 1272 | 1 | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Whitehorse | 64.28 | 167,301 | 2603 | 1633 | 34 | 2.1% | 2.0% |
Whittlesea | 489.69 | 225,999 | 462 | 2051 | 162 | 7.9% | 7.0% |
Wyndham | 542.09 | 290,070 | 535 | 2577 | 373 | 14.5% | 11.7% |
Yarra | 19.54 | 83,119 | 4253 | 914 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Yarra Ranges | 2468.21 | 137,169 | 56 | 1298 | 193 | 14.9% | 15.0% |
Table A2.
LGA populations and blank spot details of Sydney.
Table A2.
LGA populations and blank spot details of Sydney.
LGA | sqkm | Pop | Psqkm | MBR | BL | MBBl | PB |
---|
Bayside (NSW) | 50.62 | 170,854 | 3375 | 1521 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Blacktown | 238.85 | 390,474 | 1635 | 2906 | 41 | 1.4% | 1.4% |
Blue Mountains | 1431.14 | 75,860 | 53 | 891 | 32 | 3.6% | 1.8% |
Burwood | 7.13 | 39,431 | 5532 | 361 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Camden | 201.53 | 118,008 | 586 | 943 | 54 | 5.7% | 5.3% |
Campbelltown (NSW) | 311.41 | 173,825 | 558 | 1467 | 42 | 2.9% | 3.8% |
Canada Bay | 19.92 | 88,003 | 4417 | 806 | 3 | 0.4% | 0.3% |
Canterbury-Bankstown | 110.24 | 365,826 | 3319 | 3092 | 3 | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Cumberland | 72.75 | 233,432 | 3209 | 1903 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Fairfield | 101.51 | 206,290 | 2032 | 1702 | 13 | 0.8% | 0.7% |
Georges River | 38.34 | 147,783 | 3855 | 1427 | 4 | 0.3% | 0.3% |
Hawkesbury | 2775.14 | 47,273 | 17 | 473 | 27 | 5.7% | 4.7% |
Hornsby | 455.04 | 146,581 | 322 | 1234 | 20 | 1.6% | 0.8% |
Hunters Hill | 5.72 | 13,243 | 2316 | 130 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Inner West | 35.21 | 179,367 | 5094 | 2027 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Ku-ring-gai | 85.41 | 123,244 | 1443 | 1105 | 7 | 0.6% | 0.5% |
Lane Cove | 10.48 | 38,087 | 3635 | 403 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Liverpool | 305.74 | 231,084 | 756 | 1709 | 59 | 3.5% | 3.3% |
Mosman | 8.65 | 27,786 | 3212 | 359 | 0 | 0.0% | |
North Sydney | 10.49 | 67,440 | 6428 | 907 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Northern Beaches | 254.21 | 260,811 | 1026 | 2571 | 43 | 1.7% | 1.7% |
Parramatta | 83.83 | 248,965 | 2970 | 2119 | 3 | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Penrith | 404.70 | 204,621 | 506 | 1773 | 10 | 0.6% | 0.5% |
Randwick | 36.33 | 131,196 | 3611 | 1413 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Ryde | 40.47 | 127,027 | 3138 | 1159 | 2 | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Strathfield | 14.00 | 45,130 | 3223 | 356 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Sutherland | 333.58 | 228,220 | 684 | 2147 | 4 | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Sydney | 26.68 | 201,622 | 7558 | 1707 | 0 | 0.0% | |
The Hills | 386.16 | 182,632 | 473 | 1462 | 8 | 0.5% | 0.3% |
Waverley | 9.35 | 67,519 | 7221 | 836 | 0 | 0.0% | |
Willoughby | 22.43 | 73,142 | 3262 | 733 | 1 | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Wollondilly | 2555.43 | 38,765 | 15 | 347 | 39 | 11.2% | 9.8% |
Woollahra | 12.26 | 51,589 | 4208 | 692 | 8 | 1.2% | 1.0% |
Appendix B
The following table displays the service details of the number of public transport stops by time of day and frequency for the LGAs of Melbourne and Sydney. represents the total number of stops in the corresponding LGA, D represents the stops operating during the day time. Similarly, , , , and 24 h represent the number of stops operating during the night, weekday, weekend, and for 24 h of the day, respectively. The columns , , , and represent the numbers of stops that have average wait times of five, five to fifteen, fifteen to thirty, and over thirty minutes.
Table A3.
Public transport service details of Melbourne’s LGAs.
Table A3.
Public transport service details of Melbourne’s LGAs.
LGA | | D | | | | | 24 h | | | | |
---|
Banyule | 566 | 566 | 565 | 433 | 566 | 521 | 55 | 28 | 353 | 175 | 10 |
Bayside (Vic.) | 475 | 475 | 475 | 401 | 475 | 457 | 54 | 9 | 269 | 179 | 18 |
Boroondara | 692 | 690 | 681 | 455 | 692 | 678 | 193 | 206 | 223 | 253 | 10 |
Brimbank | 821 | 820 | 812 | 725 | 821 | 806 | 119 | 29 | 451 | 313 | 28 |
Cardinia | 292 | 290 | 263 | 237 | 292 | 270 | 4 | 5 | 63 | 135 | 89 |
Casey | 1264 | 1254 | 1203 | 1129 | 1264 | 1206 | 6 | 32 | 543 | 583 | 106 |
Darebin | 843 | 843 | 790 | 732 | 843 | 792 | 128 | 123 | 580 | 114 | 26 |
Frankston | 624 | 623 | 596 | 502 | 624 | 587 | 105 | 9 | 190 | 331 | 94 |
Glen Eira | 641 | 641 | 640 | 603 | 641 | 634 | 143 | 76 | 355 | 204 | 6 |
Greater Dandenong | 746 | 745 | 726 | 588 | 746 | 714 | 31 | 18 | 278 | 352 | 98 |
Hobsons Bay | 436 | 436 | 430 | 356 | 436 | 434 | 25 | 6 | 242 | 181 | 7 |
Hume | 1018 | 1006 | 991 | 874 | 1018 | 988 | 25 | 26 | 489 | 441 | 62 |
Kingston (Vic.) | 797 | 796 | 718 | 624 | 797 | 696 | 36 | 20 | 371 | 242 | 164 |
Knox | 791 | 787 | 736 | 607 | 791 | 692 | 82 | 19 | 354 | 221 | 197 |
Manningham | 628 | 628 | 575 | 416 | 628 | 602 | 158 | 55 | 333 | 214 | 26 |
Maribyrnong | 450 | 450 | 449 | 399 | 450 | 449 | 93 | 49 | 301 | 99 | 1 |
Maroondah | 530 | 529 | 523 | 467 | 530 | 528 | 66 | 8 | 183 | 316 | 23 |
Melbourne | 551 | 534 | 546 | 513 | 551 | 520 | 209 | 339 | 171 | 35 | 6 |
Melton | 526 | 519 | 515 | 472 | 526 | 518 | 23 | 2 | 141 | 300 | 83 |
Merri-bek | 790 | 788 | 776 | 570 | 790 | 776 | 72 | 143 | 362 | 254 | 31 |
Monash | 862 | 862 | 852 | 776 | 862 | 855 | 190 | 36 | 508 | 317 | 1 |
Moonee Valley | 575 | 571 | 565 | 468 | 575 | 567 | 40 | 144 | 365 | 41 | 25 |
Mornington Peninsula | 685 | 685 | 534 | 524 | 685 | 658 | 218 | 0 | 130 | 335 | 220 |
Nillumbik | 238 | 238 | 234 | 178 | 238 | 219 | 4 | 5 | 122 | 108 | 3 |
Port Phillip | 372 | 372 | 372 | 310 | 372 | 367 | 69 | 110 | 185 | 72 | 5 |
Stonnington | 431 | 431 | 416 | 324 | 431 | 400 | 15 | 163 | 193 | 44 | 31 |
Whitehorse | 898 | 896 | 879 | 764 | 898 | 851 | 118 | 76 | 600 | 173 | 49 |
Whittlesea | 909 | 909 | 907 | 845 | 909 | 889 | 121 | 20 | 561 | 308 | 20 |
Wyndham | 927 | 927 | 925 | 776 | 927 | 916 | 144 | 3 | 206 | 683 | 35 |
Yarra | 287 | 287 | 287 | 261 | 287 | 261 | 141 | 130 | 113 | 35 | 9 |
Yarra Ranges | 781 | 779 | 673 | 431 | 780 | 706 | 23 | 7 | 121 | 406 | 247 |
Table A4.
Public transport service details of Sydney’s LGAs.
Table A4.
Public transport service details of Sydney’s LGAs.
LGA | | D | | | | | 24 h | | | | |
---|
Bayside (NSW) | 724 | 718 | 639 | 493 | 723 | 636 | 50 | 56 | 360 | 229 | 79 |
Blacktown | 2088 | 2043 | 1762 | 1565 | 2087 | 1730 | 23 | 107 | 1017 | 603 | 361 |
Blue Mountains | 886 | 846 | 212 | 62 | 884 | 587 | 0 | 6 | 46 | 236 | 598 |
Burwood | 141 | 137 | 127 | 123 | 139 | 133 | 12 | 39 | 82 | 11 | 9 |
Camden | 605 | 587 | 423 | 306 | 605 | 415 | 1 | 14 | 303 | 75 | 213 |
Campbelltown (NSW) | 1186 | 1125 | 806 | 637 | 1185 | 839 | 6 | 29 | 404 | 344 | 409 |
Canada Bay | 352 | 345 | 292 | 268 | 350 | 286 | 47 | 76 | 196 | 25 | 55 |
Canterbury-Bankstown | 2035 | 1962 | 1562 | 1054 | 2035 | 1611 | 45 | 119 | 848 | 668 | 400 |
Cumberland | 1371 | 1311 | 1060 | 498 | 1370 | 1077 | 7 | 42 | 543 | 480 | 306 |
Fairfield | 1204 | 1167 | 926 | 591 | 1204 | 912 | 1 | 24 | 578 | 298 | 304 |
Georges River | 747 | 737 | 651 | 477 | 746 | 680 | 4 | 39 | 349 | 278 | 81 |
Hawkesbury | 570 | 534 | 284 | 76 | 570 | 304 | 1 | 5 | 36 | 154 | 375 |
Hornsby | 1099 | 1082 | 820 | 687 | 1097 | 906 | 52 | 88 | 368 | 287 | 356 |
Hunters Hill | 101 | 93 | 74 | 43 | 101 | 82 | 12 | 5 | 42 | 38 | 16 |
Inner West | 591 | 573 | 540 | 486 | 587 | 549 | 97 | 169 | 338 | 60 | 24 |
Ku-ring-gai | 834 | 806 | 664 | 453 | 834 | 631 | 10 | 25 | 258 | 333 | 218 |
Lane Cove | 240 | 237 | 206 | 119 | 240 | 203 | 15 | 21 | 126 | 52 | 41 |
Liverpool | 1217 | 1183 | 969 | 757 | 1217 | 962 | 3 | 61 | 508 | 382 | 266 |
Mosman | 205 | 183 | 157 | 67 | 205 | 127 | 16 | 30 | 54 | 52 | 69 |
North Sydney | 252 | 248 | 224 | 143 | 252 | 224 | 36 | 66 | 79 | 80 | 27 |
Northern Beaches | 1634 | 1604 | 1212 | 1069 | 1633 | 1211 | 179 | 135 | 638 | 413 | 448 |
Parramatta | 1176 | 1134 | 950 | 671 | 1166 | 874 | 145 | 116 | 387 | 407 | 266 |
Penrith | 1482 | 1437 | 1188 | 818 | 1482 | 1232 | 4 | 32 | 558 | 524 | 368 |
Randwick | 608 | 599 | 520 | 517 | 608 | 524 | 200 | 163 | 316 | 70 | 59 |
Ryde | 709 | 691 | 574 | 459 | 707 | 575 | 75 | 95 | 328 | 164 | 122 |
Strathfield | 229 | 227 | 179 | 115 | 224 | 206 | 0 | 13 | 99 | 83 | 34 |
Sutherland | 1420 | 1375 | 901 | 392 | 1418 | 981 | 5 | 29 | 298 | 475 | 618 |
Sydney | 667 | 649 | 630 | 586 | 664 | 621 | 195 | 267 | 302 | 55 | 43 |
The Hills | 1425 | 1394 | 1029 | 846 | 1425 | 966 | 64 | 141 | 561 | 293 | 430 |
Waverley | 244 | 239 | 220 | 215 | 244 | 215 | 47 | 56 | 154 | 16 | 18 |
Willoughby | 372 | 367 | 284 | 177 | 372 | 310 | 4 | 69 | 101 | 75 | 127 |
Wollondilly | 408 | 391 | 225 | 11 | 403 | 280 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 31 | 375 |
Woollahra | 271 | 265 | 252 | 237 | 271 | 251 | 73 | 24 | 157 | 77 | 13 |
Figure 1.
(a) Melbourne’s local government areas; (b) Sydney’s local government areas.
Figure 1.
(a) Melbourne’s local government areas; (b) Sydney’s local government areas.
Figure 2.
Melbourne’s (a) residential mesh blocks by LGA; and (b) population density by LGA.
Figure 2.
Melbourne’s (a) residential mesh blocks by LGA; and (b) population density by LGA.
Figure 3.
Sydney’s (a) residential mesh blocks by LGA; and (b) population density by LGA.
Figure 3.
Sydney’s (a) residential mesh blocks by LGA; and (b) population density by LGA.
Figure 4.
Tram stops in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 4.
Tram stops in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 5.
Train stops in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 5.
Train stops in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 6.
Bus stops in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 6.
Bus stops in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 7.
GTFS structure of Sydney.
Figure 7.
GTFS structure of Sydney.
Figure 8.
Process map for the study.
Figure 8.
Process map for the study.
Figure 9.
(a) Catchment of bus stop ID: `213223’ in Croydon, Sydney; (b) all catchments in Sydney with a 400 m radius are in blue and all catchments in Sydney with a 800 m radius are in green (c) 12 overlapping catchments for mb_code21: `10142841000’ in Croydon, Sydney; and (d) Blank spot mb_code21: `10048902000’ in Sydney.
Figure 9.
(a) Catchment of bus stop ID: `213223’ in Croydon, Sydney; (b) all catchments in Sydney with a 400 m radius are in blue and all catchments in Sydney with a 800 m radius are in green (c) 12 overlapping catchments for mb_code21: `10142841000’ in Croydon, Sydney; and (d) Blank spot mb_code21: `10048902000’ in Sydney.
Figure 10.
Blank spots in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 10.
Blank spots in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 11.
Percentages of residential mesh blocks with no access to public transport in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 11.
Percentages of residential mesh blocks with no access to public transport in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 12.
Varying % of residential mesh blocks per LGA that are blank spots by (a) distance from the city centre; (b) the area of LGA; and (c) the population density of LGA.
Figure 12.
Varying % of residential mesh blocks per LGA that are blank spots by (a) distance from the city centre; (b) the area of LGA; and (c) the population density of LGA.
Figure 13.
Uncovered populations in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 13.
Uncovered populations in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 14.
Percentages of stops that offer night time services in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 14.
Percentages of stops that offer night time services in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 15.
Percentages of stops offering 24 h services in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 15.
Percentages of stops offering 24 h services in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 16.
Percentages of stops offering weekend services in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 16.
Percentages of stops offering weekend services in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 17.
Percentages of stops offering services per LGA, varying by distance, in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 17.
Percentages of stops offering services per LGA, varying by distance, in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 18.
Percentages of stops offering services per LGA, varying by area, in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 18.
Percentages of stops offering services per LGA, varying by area, in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 19.
Percentages of stops offering services per LGA, varying by population density, in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 19.
Percentages of stops offering services per LGA, varying by population density, in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 20.
Percentages of stops with average waiting times over 30 mins in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 20.
Percentages of stops with average waiting times over 30 mins in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 21.
Percentages of stops with a frequency classification varying by LGA and distance in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 21.
Percentages of stops with a frequency classification varying by LGA and distance in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 22.
Percentages of stops with frequency classification varying by LGA and area in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 22.
Percentages of stops with frequency classification varying by LGA and area in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 23.
Percentages of stops with a frequency classification varying by LGA and population density in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 23.
Percentages of stops with a frequency classification varying by LGA and population density in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 24.
Distribution of residents over the age 65 by LGA in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Figure 24.
Distribution of residents over the age 65 by LGA in (a) Melbourne; and (b) Sydney.
Table 1.
Limitations in the existing literature.
Table 1.
Limitations in the existing literature.
Reference | Method | Geography Scope | Metrics Used | PT Mode | Gap/Limitations |
---|
Saif et al. [17] | Literature review | Not applicable | Not applicable | Bus, train, trams | This article summarised seven papers on public transport accessibility. The review highlighted different indicators and methodologies used such as the index for public transport need, provision and gaps, perceived accessibility, employment rate, sustainability, walking time, spatial efficiency, and mobility. However, the papers did not factor in the variability of the service quality with the distance or population of the LGA. |
Saghapour et al. [18] | GIS-based indexing model | Melbourne, Australia | Walking distance to stops, population density | Bus, train, trams | The study explored the usage of population density to create the Public Transport Accessibility Index (PTAI) of each Statistical Area 1 of Melbourne. While this approach helped identify areas of low access, it did not factor in temporal variability. |
Yigitcanlar et al. [19] | GIS-based indexing model | Gold Coast, Australia | Centres of employment, health, shopping, financial, and education | Bus, train | The study created a GIS-based index called the Land Use and Public Transport Accessibility Indexing Model (LUPTAI) which seeks to quantify the ability to access common land use destinations by walking and/or public transport. This model is limited by temporal variability and the absence of population density. |
Ford et al. [20] | Generalised cost model | London, United Kingdom | Walking distance, travel distance and time, vehicle operating cost, waiting time | Bus, train, trams, roads, cycling | The paper enabled the rapid characterisation of transport costs and accessibility over large spatial domains using a generalised cost model of time to travel between two nodes. The study was limited to employment accessibility to and from a node. Additionally, variability in service quality with distance or time of day or day of week cannot be grasped. |
Alamri et al. [21] | GIS-based spatial blank spots | Melbourne, Australia | Population density, population, area of LGA | Bus, train, trams | The study used GIS-based spatial queries to identify residential mesh blocks with no access to public transport. Additionally, the variability of service quality was measured with population, density and area of LGA. However, the study did not measure the variability with the distance of LGA from the city centre. Additionally, the study was not a comparative analysis of two or more cities, rather it only considered Melbourne as a case study. |
Ingvardson et al. [22] | Structural equation modelling (comparative) | Six European cities | network coverage, perceived costs, perceived societal and environmental importance | Bus, train | The study compared the satisfaction scores of people surveyed from six European cities factoring the different metrics for various socio-economic pools. While the study is a comparative analysis of public transport between multiple cities, it directly does not quantify accessibility baseline levels that a city/LGAs need to maintain and does not capture temporal variability. |
Osman et al. [23] | Comparative chrono-urbanism | Two European cities | Urban time, time policies | Bus, trams | The paper compared the chrono-urbanism (breaking the barrier of long distances) with varying times of day and days of the week. While this was a comparative study of the public transport system between two cities, it did not report accessibility counts. Additionally, the methodology did not consider the smaller residential mesh blocks of the cities, rather the cities were considered in their entirety. |
Ceder et al. [24] | Quantitative origin and destination connectivity (Comparative) | Three cities of New Zealand | Walking time, waiting time, headway, connectivity | Bus, trains, ferries | The study compared the public transport connectivity across major cities in New Zealand using attributes that influence people’s choice of public transport over other available modes. The limitation of the study was that it was restricted to the CBD areas of the city and only assessed connectivity, not accessibility. |