Harnessing the Systemic Biology of Functional Decline and Cachexia to Inform more Holistic Therapies for Incurable Cancers
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Functional Decline and Facilitators of Morbidity in Advanced Cancers
3. Systemic Biology of Advanced Cancers: Extratumoral Mechanisms
4. Pharmaceutical Interventions
5. Nutritional Guidelines and Interventions
6. Rehabilitation and Exercise Interventions
7. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cancer Type | Length of Time | Intervention Type (Exercise or Rehabilitation?) | Routine | Improved Outcome Measures | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage IV lung (n = 34) and colorectal (n = 32) cancer | 8 weeks | Exercise | 4×/week incremental 20 min brisk walks REX: 5 exercises, 10–15 reps | Mobility, fatigue, and sleep | Cheville et al., 2013 [173] |
Mixed incurable metastatic cancers with life expectancy < 2 years (n = 121) | 8 weeks | Exercise | 2×/week 50–60 min AEX: 10–15 min REX circuit: 6 stations, 2 min on, 1 min off | Shuttle walk test (SWT) and HGS | Oldervoll et al., 2011 [174] |
Mixed recurrent advanced or metastatic cancer (n = 46) | 12 weeks | Exercise | 30 min walking on alternate days | None | Tsianakas et al., 2017 [175] |
Stage IIIb or IV NSCLC or extensive small cell lung cancer (n = 114) | 6 weeks | Exercise | 2×/week supervised REX and AEX 3×/week home walking | Peak VO2, 6MWT, and 1 RM | Quist et al., 2015 [176] |
Advanced NSCLC (n = 40) | 8 weeks | Exercise | 3 days/week supervised, 2 day/week independent REX and AEX | 6MWT and dynamometer muscle strength | Kuehr et al., 2014 [177] |
Stage IIIb or IV NSCLC or extensive small cell lung cancer (n = 23) | 6 weeks | Exercise | 2×/week supervised AEX and REX 3×/week home walking | Peak VO2, 1 RM, and emotional QoL | Quist et al., 2012 [178] |
Stage IV breast cancer (n = 38, 16 intervention) | 12 weeks | Exercise | 3×/week video-guided seated REX and stretching | Slower decline in total and physical well-being Less increase in fatigue | Headley et al., 2004 [179] |
Mixed advanced cancers (n = 34) | 6 weeks | Exercise | 2×/week supervised REX circuit training | 6MWT, timed sit-to-stand, physical fatigue, and emotional QoL | Oldervoll et al., 2006 [180] |
Prostate cancer (n = 16) | 12 weeks | Exercise | 3×/week 12–15 min eccentric resistance cycling | 6MWT and isometric knee extension strength | Hansen et al., 2009 [181] |
Mixed advanced cancers (n = 115) | 8 sessions | Rehabilitation | 3×/week 90 min PT for trunk and lower extremity | Physical well-being | Cheville et al., 2010 [182] |
Stages III and IV lung cancer (n = 46) | Duration of 3 chemotherapy cycles | Rehabilitation | 3–4×/week REX: 50% capacity 10 reps, 3 sets with resistance bands 5×/week AEX: 6 min walk moderate intensity 2 min staircase walking | Cognitive function, physical function, staircase walking, and 6MWT | Henke et al., 2014 [183] |
Inpatient advanced cancer patients (n = 250) | Length of hospital stay | Rehabilitation | Minimum of 900 min of therapy/week, including PT, OT, and SLT | Motor and cognitive FIM scores | Roy et al., 2023 [29] |
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Willbanks, A.; Seals, M.; Karmali, R.; Roy, I. Harnessing the Systemic Biology of Functional Decline and Cachexia to Inform more Holistic Therapies for Incurable Cancers. Cancers 2024, 16, 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16020360
Willbanks A, Seals M, Karmali R, Roy I. Harnessing the Systemic Biology of Functional Decline and Cachexia to Inform more Holistic Therapies for Incurable Cancers. Cancers. 2024; 16(2):360. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16020360
Chicago/Turabian StyleWillbanks, Amber, Mina Seals, Reem Karmali, and Ishan Roy. 2024. "Harnessing the Systemic Biology of Functional Decline and Cachexia to Inform more Holistic Therapies for Incurable Cancers" Cancers 16, no. 2: 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16020360