Increased Prevalence of EBV Infection in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Six-Year Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Patients’ Data Collection
2.4. FFPE Collection and Histopathological Examination
2.5. DNA Extraction and Identification of EBV Genotype
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. NPC Characteristics of the Studied Population
3.2. EBV Infection and NPC Patients’ Baseline Characteristics
3.3. EBV Infection and NPC Patients’ Clinical Characteristics
3.4. EBV Infection and NPC Patients’ DFS and Overall Survival
3.5. EBV Genotypic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patients’ Characteristics | Variables | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ≤30 | 20 | 13.7% |
31–40 | 25 | 17.1% | |
41–50 | 40 | 27.4% | |
51–60 | 37 | 25.3% | |
≥61 | 24 | 16.4% | |
Gender | Male | 108 | 74.0% |
Female | 38 | 26.0% | |
Nationality | Saudi Arabian | 116 | 79.5% |
Non-Saudi Arabian | 30 | 20.5% | |
Comorbidities | Hypertension | 23 | 15.7% |
Diabetes mellitus | 25 | 17% | |
Other diseases | 25 | 17% | |
EBV Status | Negative | 6 | 4% |
Positive | 140 | 96% | |
Patient’s Status | Alive | 127 | 87.0% |
Deceased | 19 | 13.0% | |
Cause of death | NPC | 12 | 63.2% |
Not NPC | 7 | 36.8% |
Patients’ Characteristics | Variables | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Stage of cancer | I | 2 | 1.4% |
II | 10 | 6.8% | |
III | 56 | 38.4% | |
IV-A | 55 | 37.7% | |
IV-B | 23 | 15.8% | |
Morphology | Keratinized, squamous cell carcinoma | 1 | 0.7% |
Differentiated, non-keratinizing Squamous cell carcinoma | 11 | 7.5% | |
Undifferentiated, non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma | 134 | 91.8% | |
TNM staging (T) | T0 | 2 | 1.4% |
T1 | 35 | 24% | |
T2 | 24 | 16.4% | |
T3 | 37 | 25.3% | |
T4 | 48 | 32.9% | |
TNM staging (N) | N0 | 12 | 8.2% |
N1 | 25 | 17.1% | |
N2 | 68 | 46.6% | |
N3 | 41 | 28.1% | |
TNM staging (M) | M0 | 123 | 84% |
M1 | 23 | 16% | |
Metastasis | Yes | 23 | 15.8% |
No | 123 | 84.2% | |
Recurrent cancer | No | 137 | 93.8% |
Yes | 9 | 6.2% | |
Treatment protocol | No treatment | 9 | 6.2% |
RT | 2 | 1.4% | |
CCRT | 35 | 24.0% | |
Induction + CCRT | 88 | 60.3% | |
Palliative | 12 | 8.2% | |
Treatment Response | No treatment | 9 | 6.2% |
Good response | 123 | 84.2% | |
Poor response | 14 | 9.6% | |
Cause of 19 deaths | NPC | 12 | 63.2% |
Not NPC | 7 | 36.8% |
Variable | Categories | EBV Status | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | Positive | OR | 95%CI for OR | ||||||
N | % | N | % | Lower | Upper | p-Value | |||
Age (years) | ≤30 | 1 | 5.0 | 19 | 95.0 | 1.73 | 0.15 | 20.58 | 0.665 |
31–40 | 1 | 4.0 | 24 | 96.0 | 2.18 | 0.19 | 25.77 | 0.536 | |
41–50 | 1 | 2.5 | 39 | 97.5 | 3.55 | 0.30 | 41.36 | 0.313 | |
51–60 | 1 | 2.7 | 36 | 97.3 | 3.27 | 0.28 | 38.24 | 0.345 | |
≥61 | 2 | 8.3 | 22 | 91.7 | 1.00 | ||||
Gender | Male | 1 | 0.9 | 107 | 99.1 | 16.21 | 1.83 | 143.74 | 0.012 * |
Female | 5 | 13.2 | 33 | 86.8 | 1.00 | ||||
Nationality | Saudi | 6 | 5.2 | 110 | 94.8 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 5.07 | 0.389 |
Non-Saudi | 0 | 0.0 | 30 | 100.0 | 1.00 | ||||
DM | No | 6 | 5.0 | 115 | 95.0 | 1 | 0.48 | ||
Yes | 0 | 0.0 | 25 | 100.0 | 2.78 | 0.16 | 52.60 | ||
HTN | No | 5 | 4.1 | 118 | 95.9 | 1 | 0.95 | ||
Yes | 1 | 4.3 | 22 | 95.7 | 0.93 | 0.10 | 8.37 | ||
Other diseases | No | 5 | 4.1 | 116 | 95.9 | 1 | 0.98 | ||
Yes | 1 | 4.0 | 24 | 96.0 | 1.03 | 0.12 | 9.25 | ||
Treatment protocol | RT | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0.88 | 0.03 | 29.14 | 0.944 |
CCRT | 2 | 5.7 | 33 | 94.3 | 2.06 | 0.17 | 25.68 | 0.574 | |
Induction + CCRT | 3 | 3.4 | 85 | 96.6 | 3.54 | 0.33 | 38.13 | 0.297 | |
Palliative | 0 | 0.0 | 12 | 100.0 | 4.41 | 0.16 | 121.70 | 0.381 | |
No treatment | 1 | 11.1 | 8 | 88.9 | 1.00 |
Variable | Categories | EBV Status | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative | Positive | OR | 95%CI for OR | ||||||
N | % | N | % | Lower | Upper | p-Value | |||
Stage group | I | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 2.18 | 0.141 |
II | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 2.44 | 0.11 | 55.56 | 0.576 | |
III | 2 | 3.6 | 54 | 96.4 | 2.57 | 0.34 | 19.46 | 0.360 | |
IV-A | 1 | 1.8 | 54 | 98.2 | 5.14 | 0.44 | 59.77 | 0.191 | |
IV-B | 2 | 8.7 | 21 | 91.3 | 1.00 | ||||
Bone metastasis | No | 5 | 3.7 | 129 | 96.3 | 1 | 0.45 | ||
Yes | 1 | 8.3 | 11 | 91.7 | 0.43 | 0.05 | 3.97 | ||
Liver metastasis | No | 5 | 3.6 | 133 | 96.4 | 1 | 0.25 | ||
Yes | 1 | 12.5 | 7 | 87.5 | 0.263 | 0.03 | 2.57 | ||
Lung metastasis | No | 4 | 2.9 | 135 | 97.1 | 1 | 0.008 * | ||
Yes | 2 | 28.6 | 5 | 71.4 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.51 | ||
Other sites of Metastasis | No | 6 | 4.4 | 131 | 95.6 | 1 | 0.97 | ||
Yes | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 100.0 | 0.94 | 0.05 | 17.95 | ||
Morphology | Keratinized, squamous cell carcinoma | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.009 * |
Differentiated, non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma | 1 | 9.1 | 10 | 90.9 | 0.308 | 0.031 | 3.02 | 0.312 | |
Undifferentiated, non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma | 4 | 3.0 | 130 | 97.0 | 1.00 | - | - | - | |
Treatment Response | Good response | 3 | 2.4 | 120 | 97.6 | 5.00 | 0.47 | 53.70 | 0.184 |
Poor response | 2 | 14.3 | 12 | 85.7 | 0.75 | 0.06 | 9.72 | 0.826 | |
No treatment | 1 | 11.1 | 8 | 88.9 | 1.00 | - | - | - |
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Al-Anazi, A.E.; Alanazi, B.S.; Alshanbari, H.M.; Masuadi, E.; Hamed, M.E.; Dandachi, I.; Alkathiri, A.; Hanif, A.; Nour, I.; Fatani, H.; et al. Increased Prevalence of EBV Infection in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Six-Year Cross-Sectional Study. Cancers 2023, 15, 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030643
Al-Anazi AE, Alanazi BS, Alshanbari HM, Masuadi E, Hamed ME, Dandachi I, Alkathiri A, Hanif A, Nour I, Fatani H, et al. Increased Prevalence of EBV Infection in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Six-Year Cross-Sectional Study. Cancers. 2023; 15(3):643. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030643
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Anazi, Abdullah E., Bader S. Alanazi, Huda M. Alshanbari, Emad Masuadi, Maaweya E. Hamed, Iman Dandachi, Abdulrahman Alkathiri, Atif Hanif, Islam Nour, Hanadi Fatani, and et al. 2023. "Increased Prevalence of EBV Infection in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Six-Year Cross-Sectional Study" Cancers 15, no. 3: 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030643