Deregulated microRNAs Involved in Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and Treatment Resistance Mechanisms
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. miRNA Deregulation in Prostate Cancer: An Overview
3. miRNAs Involved in AR/AR-V7 Synthesis and Hormone Therapy Resistance in PCa
3.1. miRNAs in AR Synthesis
3.2. Deregulated miRNAs Involved in AR-V7 Synthesis
3.3. miRNAs Involved in Hormone Therapy Resistance of PCa
4. miRNAs Involved in Chemoresistance in PCa
5. miRNAs Involved in PTEN Loss/Downregulation in Aggressive PCa
6. Deregulated miRNAs Regulating Alternative Splicing Mechanisms in PCa
7. Deregulated miRNAs and Differential miRNA–mRNA Regulatory Networks in PCa Disparities
8. Clinical Implications of miRNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Tools/Targets
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MiRNAs | Regulation in PCa | MiRNA Target Genes and Regulated Pathways in PCa | References |
---|---|---|---|
let-7/let-7a | Downregulation | CCR7 MAPK/EMT signaling pathways | [35,36] |
miR-1 | Downregulation | MET, KRAS c-Met/AKT/mTOR signaling | [38,39] |
miR-29b | Downregulation | AKT2, MCL1 | [42,44] |
miR-30c | Downregulation | ASF/SF2, E2F7 | [40,41] |
miR-34a | Downregulation | SIRT1, E2F1, CDK6, Cyclin D1, E2F3, BCL2 | [55,57,58] |
miR-99b | Downregulation | MTOR, SMARCA5, SMARCD1, PSA, AR | [59,60,62,100] |
miR-133a | Downregulation | FUS, AR, EGFR, FGFR1, IGF1R, and MET | [67,68,101] |
miR-134 | Downregulation | EGFR, cyclin D/cyclin D2/CDK4, KRAS, EGFR, POGLUT1, STAT5B, KRAS, NANOG, HNF4A, EGFR, ITGB1, FOXM1, HER2, PIK3CA, ITGB1, POGLUT1 | [69,70,102] |
miR-205 | Downregulation | AR, MAPK | [73] |
miR-221 | Downregulation Upregulation | SOCS1, BMI1 Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling HECTD2, RAB1A, AR reprograming in CRPC | [74,75,76,77] |
miR-375 | Downregulation | QKI5, CD44 | [78,79,80] |
miR-21 | Upregulation | PTEN, RECK, MARCKS, PDCD4, TPM1 JAK/STAT3 cascades | [82,83,103] |
miR-96 | Upregulation | FOXO1, MTSS1, EGFR, MTOR, ATG7 | [69,104,105] |
miR-106b | Upregulation | TEN, AKT, CNN1, LARP4B, RUNX3, DAB2, DLC1, FOG2, REST1, FUT6, ALEX1 and BTG3, CDKN1A (p21 gene), E2F1, Ki67, MMP2, CD44, and SMAD2 | [86] |
miR-125b | Upregulation | BAK1, TP53, PUMA | [88,106] |
miR-141 | Upregulation | AKT and Rb/E2F signaling | [89,107] |
miR-145 | Upregulation | SP1, CDK6, AKAP12, RAD51, MCL1, PAR4, PARP1 | [90] |
miR-182 | Upregulation | NDRG1, GNA13, BRCA1, PDCD4, ST6GALNAC5 | [91] |
miR-200c | Upregulation | BRD7, BMI1 EMT, AKT signaling pathways | [93,94,95] |
miR-222 | Upregulation | CDKN1B, CDKN1C | [97] |
MiRNA (Up or Down in PCa) | Target Gene(s) | Treatment Resistance | References |
---|---|---|---|
miR-148a ↓ | MSK1 | ADT resistance | [122] |
miR-125b ↓ | TP53, PUMA, BAK11 | ADT resistance | [88] |
miR-216a ↑ | PTEN, TGFBR2 | ADT resistance | [124] |
miR-194 ↓ | FOXA1 | Enz resistance | [125] |
miR-27a, miR-101 ↓ | NR2F2 | Enz resistance | [126] |
miR-30c-1/miR-103a-2 ↑ | AR-V7 | Enz resistance | [121] |
miR-644a ↓ | MYC, BCLXL, BCL2, AKT, IGF1R | Enz resistance | [125] |
miR-221 ↓ | ERG | Androgen-independent | [130,131] |
miR-145 ↓ | ERG | Enz resistance | [132] |
miR-187 ↓, miR-182 ↑ | TMPRSS2-ERG | Enz resistance | [133] |
miR-143 ↓ | IGF1R, IRS1 | DCT resistance | [135] |
miR-183 | DCT resistance | [147] | |
miR-21 ↑ | PDCD4 | DCT resistance | [137,138] |
miR-205, miR-31 ↓ | BCLW, E2F6 | DCT resistance | [139,140] |
miR-195 ↓ | CUL | DCT resistance | [142] |
miR-223-3p ↑ | FOXO3 | DCT resistance | [143] |
miR-4735-3p ↓ | MEKK1 | DCT resistance | [144] |
miR-19b-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-374b-5p ↓ | LARP1, CCND1 | Paclitaxel resistance | [145] |
miR-15a, miR-16 ↓ | CCND1, WNT3A | Cisplatin resistance | [146] |
miR-128 ↓ | ZEB1, BIM1 | Cisplatin resistance | [148,149] |
miR-205 ↓ | RAB27A, LAMP3 | Cisplatin resistance | [32] |
MiRNA | Regulation of PTEN Expression | Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
miR-19b | Downregulates PTEN | Cell proliferation ↑ | [28] |
miR-23b | Downregulates PTEN | Cell proliferation ↑ | [28] |
miR-26a | Downregulates PTEN | Cell proliferation ↑ | [28] |
miR-92a | Downregulates PTEN | Cell proliferation ↑ | [28] |
miR-17-5p | Downregulates PTEN | Tumor growth ↑/cell proliferation ↑/invasion ↑ | [152,154] |
miR-153 | Downregulates PTEN | Higher Gleason scores | [155] |
miR-152 | Downregulates PTEN | Tumor growth ↑ | [156,157] |
miR-4534 | Downregulates PTEN | Cell growth ↑, proliferation ↑, and progression ↑ | [150] |
miR-548c-3p | Downregulates PTEN | Higher Gleason scores | [158] |
miR-106 | Downregulates PTEN | Cell growth and proliferation ↑ | [159] |
miR-1297 | Downregulates PTEN | Migration ↑, invasion ↑ | [160] |
miR-146b | Downregulates PTEN | Tumorigenesis ↑, survival ↑, proliferation ↑, AKT/mTOR signaling↑ | [161] |
miR-486-5p | Downregulates PTEN | Migration ↑, invasion ↑, motility ↑ | [162] |
miR-21-5p | Downregulates PTEN | Cell proliferation ↑, invasion ↑ | [163,164] |
MiRNA | Clinical Trial | Biomarker/Therapy | Status |
---|---|---|---|
miR-141, miR-375 | NCT02391051 | Prognostic biomarker for low-risk PCa | Phase II |
miRNA profiling | NCT01220427 | Diagnostic biomarker for high-grade PCa | Phase II |
miRNA profiling | NCT02964351 | Biomarker for high-PSA PCa | Recruiting |
Exosomal miRNA signature | NCT02366494 | Prognostic biomarker for PCa under ADT treatment | Active, not recruiting |
miRNA panel | NCT02471469 | Prognostic biomarker for mCRPC under Enz | Complete recruiting |
miRNA profiling | NCT01503229 | Prognostic biomarker for mCRPC under Abi | Phase II |
miRNA profiling | NCT01120236 | Prognostic biomarker for PCa under ADT/cixutumumab | Phase II |
MRX34 | NCT01829971 | miR-34a-based therapy for multiple solid tumors | Phase I, terminated |
MRG-106 | NCT03713320 | miR-155 inhibitor for treating CTCL | Phase II |
TargomiRs | NCT02369198 | miR-16-based therapy for NSCLC | Phase I |
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Gujrati, H.; Ha, S.; Wang, B.-D. Deregulated microRNAs Involved in Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and Treatment Resistance Mechanisms. Cancers 2023, 15, 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15123140
Gujrati H, Ha S, Wang B-D. Deregulated microRNAs Involved in Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and Treatment Resistance Mechanisms. Cancers. 2023; 15(12):3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15123140
Chicago/Turabian StyleGujrati, Himali, Siyoung Ha, and Bi-Dar Wang. 2023. "Deregulated microRNAs Involved in Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and Treatment Resistance Mechanisms" Cancers 15, no. 12: 3140. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15123140